Course: Professional Diploma in Occupational Safety and Health for Engineering
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Q1: Introduction to Risks Assessment
a. What is definition and difference between hazard and risk?
The hazard is the source of potential harm or situation with the potential to cause loss. The risks, on the other hand, is a chance for an event that has an impact on objectives which is then measured through consequences and likelihood.
The hazard is about the potential to cause harm and this can cause death, injury, damage and loss too. The risk is about the chance that somebody could easily be harmed by a hazard. The risk is assessed through the severity of harm and the likelihood of harm occurring.
b. Describe the difference between hazard analysis and risks assessment?
The hazard analysis technique includes the frontline-level management team tackling the job tasks which is without the necessary assessment of risks and their ranking.
The risk assessment includes identifying the hazards, assessing the risks to decide who might be harmed and how to control and evaluate risks or deciding on precautions. One tends to record the findings and implement them, or regularly reviewing on risks assessment too (Badida et al., 2019).
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Q2: Risks Assessment
a. List common hazard identified in workplace in Hong Kong and provide evidences on root causes, evidences and precautions to support answer?
Injury while lifting and carrying and slip, trip or fall on the same level are considered to be common hazards. The third hazard is fall of a person from height.
The evidence on root cause includes failure mode with the use of tools like the FMEA form, and the occurrence rating or O. The evidence is an energy wheel with gravity, mechanical, motion, radiation, thermal and biological standards. A good inspection report is for the data which is for the officers of safety and managers to handle and create a proper safety plan and risk management procedures. The evidence is defined in insurance claims, where OSH inspection reports define how the readers work on using illustrations, photos and evidence to support the claim. The precautions include evaluating the risks with the likelihood of the hazards that cause harm and the consequences of the harm. The risks evaluation aims include identifying a degree with likelihood and consequences which is defined as risks by risk ranking (Fu et al., 2019).
b. Describe 5 step approach for Risks Assessment Process?
• Identifying the hazards: The hazards are mechanical, physical, biological, chemical, ergonomics, and psychosocial with the pressure of work and shift of work. The hazard identification tool is about the energy wheel with the approach on different chemical standards with undesired or interfering with hearing.
• Assessing risks which helps in deciding what might be harmed and how: The identifying group of people with identifying how one might be harmed. The principal workers include job tasks with the trained and experienced harms involved and being aware of. The risk assessment is for specific risks on new and expectant mothers with psychological factors, with a lack of awareness for existing and other risks potential.
• Controlling and Risks Evaluation: The risks associated with the hazard with the harm and severity consequences of the harm. The evaluation is for identifying risks which are on likelihood and consequences, with resources available in the organization (Khan et al., 2021).
• Recording Findings and its Implementation: The results of risks assessment is for documenting and shared with workers and staff. It is about the check on risk assessment with suitability and sufficiency from a legal point of view. The proper check is made and might be affected by addressing key stakeholders with proper involvement. The documentation of risks assessment records is for activity and situation, number of the person at risk, and with a person, especially at risk.
• Reviewing Risks Assessment: The risks need to be reviewed on an on-going basis for the updates on particular equipment substances as per the new hazards if there are any.
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Q3: Risks Assessment Models
a. What are principles and difference between qualitative and quantitative risks assessment?
Process hazard analysis (PHA) is about the systematic effort with assessments that are designed for identifying and analysing the hazards which associates with the processing and handling the hazardous materials. The methods are for helping workers and employers to make decisions for improvement in safety and reduced consequences of unwanted the unplanned release of hazardous chemicals. A variety of methodologies is for conducting PHA with Hazard and Operability Analysis, Event Tree Analysis (ETA), Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) (Lavasani et al., 2015).
The qualitative risk assessment is about the ways to gather information with yielding results that cannot easily be measured or translated into numbers. They are for subsidiaries with feeling, small action and piece of community history that affects the situation currently.
The quantitative risks assessment is the performed focus on the numerical values of risks presented. The analysis is for determining project risks and then determining the worth pursuing. The approach is to measure the variables and hypothesis of tests too, with objective and detailed time-consuming, as per verified and specific data.
b. Describe ETA and FTA, their differences and complementary uses?
Event Tree Analysis: The graphical representation is about identifying and quantifying possible outcomes. The top events are for an inductive approach with reliability that is constructed through the forward logic. The fault trees use the deductive approach with the events that make use of backward logic. ETA is about the failure and success responses from the factors of individuality with the checking of effects of functions and systems of error (Lyu et al., 2019).
Fault Tree Analysis: This is about system failure mode with determining the top events of the system. The expressions are for competent failure modes and actions of the operator to determine top events that show on the causes with logic symbols. The events are for identifying basic events and measures with preventing any occurrence.
The difference is that FTA is deductive, with backward logic, and prevention or cause-oriented standards. ETA is inductive with specific to general, and forward logic along with handling mitigation of consequence-oriented standards. The differences are for analytical methods with identification and classification of different events and factors with an opposite focus on the undesired events. The major purpose is for preventing losses, and the event tree is about mitigating the bad results.
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Q4: Risks Control
a. Describe Risks Control Strategy?
The risks control strategy is for the safety professionals to ensure risks control which is:
• Avoidance of risks: This is about the conscious decision that is for handling the problems by discontinuing the operations that lead to risk production.
• Retention of risks: This comes with understanding the loss which is then financed by the company. The decisions are for risks to retain and made once the hazards are identified and risks are evaluated too.
• Transfer of risks: The risk transfer leads to a loss in the occurrence of the undesired events from one to another party under a legal agreement. The legal assignment is for potential loss from one to another party which is achieved through insured against fire, accident etc (Yang et al., 2019).
• Reduction of Risks: The risks associated with activities are undertaken and involve short and long-term measures.
The risk control tools and techniques are mapped with the different procedures under elimination, substitution, enclosure, guarding or installation for better safety devices, written procedures etc.
b. Describe Hierarchy of Control?
The hierarchy of control is about:
• Eliminating: Focusing on risks and eliminating any of the hazardous identification or designing stages. An example is the confined space work, lived electrical works etc.
• Reducing: Substitution is the best option, where hazards are reduced by specification, and using 110V electrical equipment.
• Isolating: The hazardous ways from people or to keep people away from hazards. The installation of fixed guards for machinery, guard rails to prevent failure, or the hoarding and security fencing for keeping the public away from the site.
• Controlling: The use of engineering control is for procedural control that involved reduced exposures to hazards and job rotation to reduce the frequency or shorten the exposure duration for the tasks which is repetitive.
• Safe System Work: The safe method of activities is for a permit to work, and then understanding Job Safety Analysis, or Job Hazard Analysis which is to handle the breakdown of tasks into components.
• PPE (Personal Protective Equipment): The PPE is for the understanding of the wearer wearing, and then PPE should be trained properly and focused as per the requirements.
• Emergency Response Arrangement: The risks of emergency response are for clear identification of different roles and the responsibilities of people in an emergency and checking regularly for the equipment of emergency too (Zografopoulos et al., 2021).
Q5: Occupational Safety and Health Inspection
a. State 5 important criteria for inspection?
• Focusing on the risks that have to be accounted for at the time of inspection.
• Focusing on arrangements which are part of preventive maintenance of plant and equipment.
• Focusing on the risks priorities and safety training experiences under a well-designed form to help plan and also initiate the remedy actions.
• Focusing on periodic analysis to identify the weakness and information to aid the system of judgement.
• Focusing on summary lists with particular names and deadlines to track progress and implement improvement too.
b. State 5 important techniques for inspection?
• Drawing attention to the immediate danger or shutting down and locking the hazardous equipment that is not to be brought under the safer operations.
• Never ignoring items as there is no knowledge for accurate judgement safety.
• Describing hazards and locations with allowing "on-the-spot" recording with a focus on understanding the efficient assessment of the job functions.
• Considering the factors and working on organizing the pace of work with impacting safety too.
• Not trying to detect hazards simply by relying on senses but looking for proper inspection or monitoring the equipment to measure exposure levels to chemicals, noise or biological agents too.
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Q6: Briefly explain the content "Avoiding conflict of interest, biases, and discrimination" which are the crucial factors dominate?
The biases are about not allowing any personal feelings or past feelings to deal with affecting the judgement, and not allowing the people part to investigate and affect judgements as they did in past because this does not mean that they did it. One should never be allowing generalizations to affect judgements and then focus on evidence too.
The conflict of interest is defined as not allowing any of biased affecting the final decision, and not allowing the wishes of others too, with affecting judgements or focusing on the evidence only. The decisions are related to the basis of evidence which is not the best for a career in an organization. If the biased or conflict of interest is presented, then one can declare it, manage or remove it from the purpose of investigation.
Discrimination is about effectively dealing with disputes and getting endorsed with supporting the top management or giving attention as it helps in taking steps to determine the type of investigation needed, with following any of clear internal procedures, with get to the core of the complaint.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) for Risk Assessment, Inspection and Integrity
- What is risk assessment?
- Why is risk assessment important?
- What are the different types of risk assessment?
- What is an inspection?
- What are the different types of inspections?
- How often should inspections be conducted?
- What is asset integrity?
- How is asset integrity maintained?
- What are the benefits of maintaining asset integrity?
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