System Design and Cooling Load Analysis Assignment

Course: HNC in Construction and the Built Environment

Question: Compare and evaluate sustainable options for inclusion in a ventilation and air conditioning strategy.

Prepare a design for the ventilation and air-conditioning systems, comparing different alternatives to arrive at a design

Unit 10 Principles of Ventilation & Air-conditioning Design & Installation

LO2 Analysis of cooling load of the non-domestic buildings.

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P4 Calculation of room heat gains in a provided building provided calculation data

Example of U value calculations:

External walls: 150mm brick, 50mm air gap, 100mm Aerated block, 13mm, Lightweight (Dense) plaster.
K value of150mm( Conductivity of Thermal)leaf brick in the outer 0.84 W per the mK 0.15m ÷ 0.84 =150mmW per mK that is equal to R-value which is 0.18 m²Kper W ( 2dp rounded off)
R-value (Thermal Resistance) of a 50mm air gap = 0.17 m²Kper W (Round off to 2dp)
K value of 100mm (Conductivity of Thermal) Aerated block that is 0.16 W per mK 0.1m ÷ 0.16=100mm W per mK that is equal to R-value which is 0.63 m²Kper W ( round off 2dp)
K value of 13mm (Conductivity of Thermal ), Dense Lightweight plaster that is 0.50 W per mK 0.013m ÷ 0.50=13mm Wiper mK that is R-value which is 0.03 m²Kper W (Round off 2dp)
Therefore overall R-value is equal to 1.01m²K per W
One ÷ 1.01m2K per the W, which is 0.99W/m²K ( U-value) (Round off t2dp)
Wall Internally: aerated lightweight 100mm concrete block and lightweight plaster of 13mm on each side.
K value of 100mm (Conductivity of Thermal ) Aerated block that is 0.16 W per mK 0.1m ÷ 0.16=100mm W per mK that is the R-value of 0.63 m²K per W (Round off 2dp)
K value of 13mm (Conductivity of Thermal) Lightweight plaster (dense) that is 0.50 W per mK 0.013m ÷ 0.50=13mm W per mK that is the R-value of 0.03 m²K per W (x2) (Round off 2dp)
Overall R value = 0.69m²K per W
1 ÷ 0.69m2Kper W that is 1.45 W/m²K ( U-value )( (Round off2dp)
Ground floor solid: 10mm carpet per the underlay, screed 75mm, cast concrete 150mm (in earth contact ) on the clay of the R that is 0.5(m²K per w).
K value of 10mm (Conductivity of Thermal) carpet per underlay that is 0.087 Wiper mK 0.01m ÷ 0.08=10mm W per mK that is R-value which is 0.11 m²K per W (Round off 2dp)
K value of 75mm (Conductivityof thermal ) screed 75mm that is 0.41 W per mK
0.075m ÷ 0.41=75mm Wiper mK is an R-value of 0.18 m²Kper W (Round off 2dp)
K value of 150 mm(Conductivity of Thermal) cast concrete that is 1.40 W per mK 0.15m ÷ 1.40=150mm W per mK that is R-value of 0.11 m²K per W (Round off 2dp)
R-value ( Resistance in Thermal) of ( earth contact) on clay that is 0.5 m²K per W (Round off 2dp)
Total R-Value that is 0.9 m²K per W
1 ÷ 0.9 m2K/W that is 1.10 W/m²K U value ( per 2dp)

R-values Calculations

R = l/λ

where
l becomes the thickness in metres of material and λ is the thermal conductivity in W per mK.
U-values Calculation - (Reference Author Heat Loss: From John Bradley, Built Environment school, University of Leeds Metropolitan)
A U-value has been termed as a measure of transmittance of thermal. Heat flow in the material is expressed in the thermal resistance (R) terms. Which is the transmittance is the resistance of inverse and therefore is expressed in the resistance reciprocal :
U-value that is Thermal Transmittance =1

Resistance of the Thermal (R)
An element of the building is composed of materials number, that is, the resistance to heat flow. Therefore, the building U-value element is calculated by adding the resistance thermal of the building element component (LR) and dividing the overall result by 1 ( which is reciprocal). The expression shorthand is and calculating formula for U-value (U) that is :

U = 1/ΣR     Units: W/m²K

P5 The total calculation of cooling load is provided for each building.

The overall cooling formula that is based on: Q is equal to U*A*ΔT (calculated in watts), that is area heat loss of A size, that is determined through material U value and the temperature differences between out and the inside, (that then is the temperature difference in provided in two surfaces).

Overall Building cooling

Room Temperature . (oC): External Temperature . 21(oC): -Infiltration 2: 0.15 that is ACH

Floor 0 - Calculation method :
Fabric Loss per (W) that is (Area)* U-value*(Room Temperature - External Temperature)
Ventilation Loss per (W) that is Infiltration Rate*0.33*(Area *Room Height)*(Room Temperature - External Temperature )
Note that all internal areas are to be at 21(C), that is, the no of internal transfer of heat that is to occur, through the floor measurement and instead of the total internal rooms.

Floor First 1

Floor in the 2

P6 Peak summer calculation of time in room temperature in the provided building.

Calculation of peak temperatures in the summertime
The Peak temperature of summertime is divided into the two groups:
• The heat loss transmission is through the walls confining, ceiling, floor,glass, or additional surfaces.
• The losses of infiltration through opening and cracks, or heat needed to outdoor warming on ventilation air used.
As a design basis, the most economical and unfavourable temperature combination and wind speed were chosen. The wind speed has a large effect on high loss of infiltration and on-resistance outside surfacer in heat transfer conduction.
Please look at page 12 for the working-out method and examples.

Overall building temperature in peak summertime

Total Load that is 59811.00 per (W) + (add the 20%) Surplus allowance recommended that is 71,773.20 per (W) that is Heat Load.

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M2. Strategies analysis is used to reduce the overall cooling load calculated in the provided building.

Chill and thermal comfort are provided with a definition of British standard that is BSENISO7730 mentioned as the "that mental condition that expresses total satisfaction that is within the cool or thermal environment."

Chill or Thermal comfort is also in the physiological state of a person's mind and therefore referred to and termed as if somebody is not to nor even is to col.

The state of HSE2005 is that of the best of realistically achievement hope in an environment of thermal that provide the satisfaction of many people overall workplace. Ensuring thermal or chill comfort importance that is because of implications physiological, like :
• It is an effect on the total moral
• Increase in staff complaints
• Reduction in Productivity
• In other different cases, people lucky to work
Factors that provide an effect on the comfort of thermal - (Ref: to the Guide in CIBSE A- Design of Environment Section 1.3.1)
A sensation of a person's warmth that is influenced by the main parameters physical, that constitute the environment of thermal:
• Temperature in air
• Mean temperature radiant
• The relative speed of air
• Humidity.
Besides these factors of environment, some factors are personal that offer comfort effects on thermal:
• metabolic production of heat
• the clothing.
My chosen temperature design for the above assignment is the 3 degrees that I selected following the guide CIBSE A- Design in Environmental that is page 16, in the Table that then outlays the comfort recommended criteria for application specificity.

M3. Peak summertime analysis of calculated temperatures that make the recommendations suitable.

Requirements currently for U-values that are minimum in terms of losses in fabric heat - the extracted data from guide A CIBSE, page 96 section 3.
Schedule 1 part L of the Regulations of buildings 2000(6), which mostly applies in Wales and England, needs the provision of reasons to conserve power and fuel in buildings. The ways indicating compliance with the above requirement are provided in Document Approved in Dwelling L1(7) for and Approved Document in different buildings L2(8). However, many designers choose compliance demonstration using other methods that are also acceptable to control building authority, as in the provision of performance equivalent. In other terms, the thermal performance of the structure building, which also aims in regulation part that is regarding heat loss limit and, maximise where appropriate heat gains in the building fabric.
Requirements Current rates of infiltration are shown as follows - extracted data e from guide A CIBSE Guide A page 152, section 4,
Standards of European in BS EN 13779: Buiding Ventilation.
Requirements Performance for air-conditioning and ventilation systems offers basic air quality definitions of standards in space occupied. Also, it relates to the veneration of fresh air rates needed for every occupant (in terms of each person L•s-1 ). As indicated in the table below.

In 2006 April, the Building Regulations, that is Part F(9) therefore provided a rate that minimum ventilation of in every person 10 L•s-1 for application non-domestic. This fits in between the various classes IDA3 and IDA 2 in the Tablebase-build systems if the plant is inefficient or coming to the end of its life, e.g., boilers or chillers. The base-build plant will be specified and sized using assumptions about uses, occupancy density and operational patterns. These assumptions should be reviewed against the requirements of the incoming occupier, with differences raised and addressed in the plant design and configuration.
Undertake a thermal comfort assessment: Thermal comfort is an important element of occupier satisfaction, with internal temperatures being one of the biggest items of a complaint by buildings users. Undertaking a thermal model can ensure conditions during occupancy are optimised and the risk of overheating is minimised.
CIBSE AM11 provides a thermal comfort modelling standard that can support the selection of an appropriate service strategy using CIBSE Guide A. Ska Rating requires projects valued under £500K, if unable to undertake the above modelling, to:
• Provide an overlay of the furniture and mechanical plans.
• Provide written evidence in the form of meeting notes to demonstrate discussion has taken place with the client regarding occupant comfort; and
• Provide a list of the solutions and actions following the client review.
The issues that must be discussed as a minimum are cold/hot spots (from HVAC equipment locations and downdrafts), radiant temperatures and overheating near windows and atria.

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TASK

Introduction
The report mostly focuses on the Installation principle of air-conditing and ventilation design. An air conditioning system refers to the designed system that cools the overall/total house and offers building comfortability (Bird,2009). The ventilation system is designed to offer fresh air space from the source externally. Unlike the air conditioning system, the system of ventilation then functions on a cycle basis that is less. The system of ventilation functions mostly on the air purity inside contained to the home or workplace. The infiltration of air mixes outside with inside air and then air removal simultaneously. Thus, the report starts by identifying pre-design information required for a generation of non-LO3 The design present for the non-domestic air-conditioning and ventilation system for the specified type of building.

P7 Discussion of the strategies of ventilation for the specified building.

There is a number and range of methods and ventilation strategies implemented and developed in commercial, domestic, or building industries. The ventilation system is designed to offer the space for the fresh air provided from the source externally (Rose,2014). However, the ventilation strategies within the provided building:

Ventilation background: The ventilation background then refers to the entire ventilation of a building that enables the fresh inlet of air from outside into a habitable room without a window opening. The below figure demonstrates the background construction of ventilation ( Rose,2014).omestic air- conditioning and ventilation systems. The analysis of the subsequent section on the non-domestic buildings cooling-load.

The function of utilising the background ventilation strategy is to remove air indoors and replace it with the outside fresh air (Adam, 2015). Additionally, the most common approach to meeting the regulations of Building Documents Approved F is the extract of intermittent fans with vents of background (i.e. vents trickle in various windows). The fan extract is utilised in the strategy ventilation that can be put or located in ensuites, bathroom, utility and kitchen rooms. The intermittent extractor fans then are operated using a different number of function control: Operating fan in conjunction/ joint of a remote switch, light switch, humidistat, pull cord, PIR ( detector presence ) or timer. The available Intermittent fans then are not the most efficient energy way because of incurred heat loss ( Coniglione, 2013). Additionally, if they are lucky to switch it on, the property lacks adequate ventilation. In this regard, the fans are maintained regularly so that they can work well, effectively and also able to minimise levels of sound.
Passive ventilation stack: A passive stack is mostly an approach in non-mechanical ventilation, mostly where the air vents are suitable in different dwelling locations. In the convection principle, currents also allow air movement in and through the ducts. The below figure demonstrates i passive stack strategy of ventilation.

Passive ventilation is the system of natural ventilation that always utilises the forces of nature, like the thermal and wind a buoyancy, in the air circulation from and to a space of indoor. The combination of uses of the flowing air over natural and roof buoyancy of moist warm lift of air to the outer moist, bathroom and kitchen stale air, and cloakroom upward to ducting to the ridge of roof level that then escapes atmosphere. The fresh air is then drawn internally to the house/building through vents of trickle v in the doors and windows etc. The passive ventilation stack without the requirements of the electric control or fans system of PSV is the most efficient in energy. The ventilation amount achieved largely depends on the movement amount of the air external and the temperature of external air. Therefore, very little/little control is available in sytems of PSV (Dhakal, 2013). This ventilation system regulates the air temperature internally, brings in fresh air, and sends out the stale air again. This is achieved largely by closing and opening vents and windows that act as air sources and exhausts (Kempe, 2012). However, stack passive airflow rated airflow rates depend much on the weather being over risk or the under ventilation. Additionally, the vent's background vents must be entirely installed.

Mechanical ventilation extract (MEV): The strategy of system ventilation can either make a whole-house MEV system centralised or decentralised localised MEV fan in veneration (Hart,2012). The continuous centralised system of MEV is typically located in a loft or cupboard hallway. The multiple run ducts from the kitchen unit ensuite, bathroom, and other wet rooms of the simultaneous property draw laden moisture air from the wet room to control humidity levels.

Continuous decentralised (dMEV) MEV are rooms of individual fans that continuously operate to draw the moisture available from either kitchen or bathroom, the utility room of the kitchen, or other wet rooms. Continuous system mechanical should then overall include either automatic or manual controls (i.e., humidity sensors), therefore operating in or on between boost and trickle modes. Below is a figure that demonstrates the mechanical strategy of extracting ventilation.

P8 Present a ventilation and air conditioning design proposal for a given building type.

The ventilation, heating, and air conditioning system of a building (HVAC ) play the main role in the internal factors influencing the environment, associated cost, and energy use. The poorly system specified systems may result in higher consumption of energy maintenance and consumption and lead to different issues like overheating, stuffiness, draughts, poor air noise and quality. These then can negatively affect the well-being and productivity of users building. The proposed design of the air conditioning system and ventilation system is illustrated below.

Design of a ventilation and air conditioning system

Assesses the specification of base-build: The centralised characteristics of HVAC plants are utilised in the building based that directly offer the design influence operation and installation of plant HVAC specified of the main system fit-out. Typically, the build-based offers the centralised plant of heating and potentially centralised chillers and air-handling plants. The plant base-build can offer heating, fresh and cooling air in various ways like chilled /hot water, cooled / hot air, or even piped refrigerant. The system's characteristics will largely dictate suitable types of plant fit-out, but with such main constraints that influence opportunities to total effectiveness, efficiency, and complete sustainability systems. Therefore the occupier must offer the discussion to the owner regarding upgrade opportunities.

Choose efficient equipment: this includes options appraisal that must consider the whole lifecycle approach in costing, including operations and aesthetics efficiency, time to response, installation, adaptability, operational cost and maintenance.

Select-control appropriately: These include; TRV (thermostatic valve radiator) or thermostats of individual rooms to efficiently support help and reduce the risk of overheating. Like the local controls that particularly offer the beneficial base build.

Ensure meeting environmental qualities: This includes the temperature of air (°C), the velocity of air (m/s), humidity relatively (%), emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2 / ppm), volatile organic compounds (VOC) (μg/m3) and noise (dB).

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M4 Comparing different strategies of ventilation to best practice determination.

The constant air volume, heating and cooling control system are accomplished through the varying air temperature supply while the air supply volume also remains.

The typical air volume content system in the system of reheat. It is worth noting that the reheat system permits a particular control zone to reheat the airflow cool to the required temperature for that zones.

In the air volume constantly flow system, the conditioned air must be supplied from the handling Air Unit most a fixed, normal temperature ( supply which is 13°C). Another notable thing is the constant systems of the air volume, which in reasoning they are not mostly considered.

The other additional system not considered is the reheat unit of low temperature with induced air. Additionally, the employed system where the cold air is supplied (typically at four °C) to a zone in particular (Fundamentals in systems of HVAC, Robert McDowall)

Another strategy adopted for a multipurpose hall is the air volume variable strategy. That is the constant volume of air which is variable air in the strategy volume involved. This is, therefore, more in the system which is at this moment implemented. The reasoning for the variables selected in air volume systems will be provided in the system.

Additionally, the damper's control volume is modulated in the actuator, which is then provided with control on the zone hall thermostat. Regardless of cooling load variations, a minimum air ventilation flow is offered. Care must be considered to ensure that the volume needed for ventilation air is provided in the multipurpose hall.

Another type of system that is not considered is a duct, a dual, variable air volume system. The main system principle is common in the constant volume of air system that employs two ducts differently from the supply.

Another comparison is particularly done to air circulation in a multipurpose hall from the known two systems. In this regard, the reheat system, which has a good circulation of air, is found in the hall of multipurpose because of the main principle behind the system of reheat, which is air volume supply constants.

P9. Specifications of veneration and components of air conditioning that include sizing, ductwork of the building

Passive ventilation stack: A passive stack is mostly an approach in non-mechanical ventilation, mostly where the air vents are suitable in different dwelling locations. In the convection principle, currents also allow air movement in and through the ducts. The below figure demonstrates i passive stack strategy of ventilation.

Ventilation background: The ventilation background then refers to the entire ventilation of a building that enables the fresh inlet of air from outside into a habitable room without a window opening. The below figure demonstrates the background construction of ventilation.

Mechanical ventilation extract (MEV): The strategy of system ventilation can either make the whole-house MEV system centralised or decentralise the localised MEV fan in veneration (Hart,2012). The continuous centralised system of MEV is located typically in the loft or cupboard hallway.

P10 Justification of component selection in the non-domestic system of air conditioning and ventilation

Select-control appropriately: The included; TRV (thermostatic valve radiator) or thermostats of room individual, to support help and reduce risk of overheating. Local controls particularly offer the beneficial base build.

Choose efficient equipment: the included appraisal option must consider the whole cycle approach in costing, operations and aesthetics efficiency, time to response, installation, adaptability, operational cost and maintenance.

Assesses the specification of base-build: The centralised characteristics of HVAC plants are utilised in the building based that directly offer the design influence operation and installation of plant HVAC specified of the main system fit-out.

Ensure meeting environmental qualities: This includes the temperature of air (°C), the velocity of air (m/s), humidity relatively (%), emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2 / ppm), volatile organic compounds (VOC) (μg/m3) and noise (dB)

M5 The effects of ducting, sizing and performance of veneration of air conditioning installation

These will include the clean and fresh air in the room. In this regard, ducting has two main effects it assists HVAC equipment in better performance. This is because, most efficiently, the air conditioners centrally cool or heat system or even heat.
Secondly, the ducts are involved in improving the quality of indoor air.

The main purpose professional people schedule air ducts in the cleaning improvement of indoor quality air. Because the HVAC systems include the air filter, which is actually in the protection of components inside the HVAC systems, not the indoor quality air, that might have additional indoor quality air equipment, which is great and also the equipment that is typically on the placement of return duct, which enters the air first in the entire system and also leaving rest the ductwork in unprotected.

Sizing, especially for the windows and doors, offers clean and fresh air in the room. That is through allowing in and outflow of air through the doors and windows.

D2 Critical evaluation of sustainable option in the inclusion of reverence regarding air conditioning strategy for the provided type of building.

Thermal &chilers comfort provided with a definition of British standard BSENISO7730 is "that mental condition that expresses total satisfaction within the cool or thermal environment."
Thermal & Chillers comfort is also in the physiological state of a person's mind and therefore referred to and termed as if somebody is not to nor even is to col.
They state that the best of realistically achievement hope in an environment of thermal that provides the satisfaction of many people overall workplace. Ensuring thermal or chill comfort importance that is because of implications physiological, like :
• It is an effect on the total moral
• Increase in staff complaints
• Increase in Productivity
• In other different cases, people lucky to work
Factors provide an effect on the comfort of thermal - (Ref: to the Guide in CIBSE A- Design of Environment Section 1.3.1)
Person's sensation of warmth is influenced by the main parameters physical that constitute the environment
Temperature in air
• Mean radiant in temperature
• Relative speed in the air control

• Humidity control measures.

Besides these factors of environment, some factors are personal that offer comfort effects on thermal:

• metabolic and production of clothing

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Overall Summary

The report above mostly focused on the proposed airconditioning and ventilation installation and design principles. Therefore, the system of air conditioning refers to a designed system of house cooling and additionally offers to build comfort regarding a system of ventilation that is designed in space provided with the available fresh air in the external source. Unlike the system of air conditioning, the system of ventilation then functions based on a much cycle basis that is less. A system of ventilation that functions to air contained purity inside the home or workplace. They infiltrate the air from the outside, offer the mix with inside air, and then offer to remove it at a similar time. In this regard, therefore, the above report starts with the provision of identification of information in pre-design information required for the system in non-domestic airconditioning and ventilation system. The subsequent additional section provides an analysis of the non-domestic buildings cooling load.

FAQ: Designing Ventilation and Air-Conditioning Systems

• 1. What is the purpose of a ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system design?
• 2. Why compare different alternatives during the design process?
• 3. What are some common ventilation system alternatives?
• 4. What are some common air-conditioning system alternatives?
• 5. What additional factors should be considered in the design?
• 6. Who should design an HVAC system?

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