Unit 3 Engineering Science Assignment Help - Higher National Certificate/Diploma in Engineering

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Programme - Higher National Certificate/Diploma in Engineering

Unit Number and Title - Unit 03: Engineering Science

Assignment Title - Applications of the physical sciences to Engineering problems

Unit Learning Outcomes

LO1 Examine scientific data and apply appropriately using computational methods.
Answer: Scientific data, often complex and high-dimensional, can be effectively examined and applied through computational methods, enabling researchers to uncover hidden patterns, build predictive models, and gain deeper insights into natural phenomena. By leveraging algorithms, statistical analyses, and simulations, scientists can process large datasets, identify significant correlations, and test hypotheses with greater efficiency and precision than traditional manual approaches allow. This powerful combination of scientific inquiry and computational tools accelerates discovery across various disciplines, from genomics and climate science to materials science and drug development, ultimately driving innovation and a more profound understanding of the world around us.

LO2 Determine parameters within mechanical engineering systems

Answer: Determining parameters within mechanical engineering systems is a crucial aspect of design, analysis, and optimization, often involving the use of computational methods to analyze system behavior and performance. This process entails identifying key variables such as dimensions, material properties, forces, torques, and operational conditions that define the system's characteristics. Engineers employ a range of techniques, including analytical calculations, numerical simulations (like Finite Element Analysis and Computational Fluid Dynamics), and experimental measurements, often integrated with optimization algorithms and statistical analysis, to accurately ascertain these parameters and ensure the system meets desired functional requirements and performance targets.

LO3 Explore the characteristics and properties of engineering materials

Answer: Exploring the characteristics and properties of engineering materials is fundamental to their effective selection and application, involving a comprehensive understanding of their mechanical, physical, thermal, electrical, and chemical behaviors. This exploration often employs a range of sophisticated experimental techniques, such as tensile testing to determine strength and ductility, hardness measurements to assess resistance to indentation, and microscopy to analyze microstructure. Furthermore, computational methods are increasingly utilized to model material behavior, predict performance under various conditions, and even aid in the design of novel materials with tailored properties, enabling engineers to make informed decisions for diverse applications ranging from structural components to electronic devices.

LO4 Analyse applications of A.C./D.C. circuit theorems, electromagnetic principles and properties

Answer: Analyzing the applications of A.C./D.C. circuit theorems, electromagnetic principles, and properties reveals their fundamental importance across numerous engineering disciplines. Circuit theorems like Thevenin's, Norton's, and superposition simplify complex electrical networks, aiding in analysis, design, and troubleshooting of both A.C. and D.C. systems, from power distribution to electronics. Electromagnetic principles, encompassing induction, magnetic fields, and electromagnetic waves, are the bedrock of technologies such as electric motors, generators, transformers, wireless communication, and medical imaging like MRI. Furthermore, the diverse electromagnetic properties of materials are exploited in applications ranging from magnetic storage devices and sensors to specialized components in high-frequency circuits and advanced materials design, highlighting the pervasive influence of these concepts in shaping modern technology.

Scenario:

You are employed as a trainee engineer in a megatronics laboratory and the position requires you to have a fundamental understanding of mechanical and electrical concepts. You have been informed by your potential supervisor that you need to improve and update your knowledge in the following areas : SI units, interpreting data, static and dynamic forces, fluid mechanics and thermodynamics, material properties and failure, and circuit theories. Your potential supervisor has set the following tasks in order to assess your suitability to work in the capacity as a trainee engineer

Unit Learning outcomes
LO1 Examine scientific data using both quantitative and computational methods
LO3 Explore the characteristics and properties of engineering materials

Task 1.0

You have been given samples of metals, composite and polymer materials. You are required to carry out tests on one of these materials and present a formal laboratory report. Your senior engineer has asked you to present to an audience an analysis of the scientific data using both computational and qualitative methods using an appropriate software package.

You should ensure that your report includes the following elements:
• The SI units used including prefix notation, symbols and derived units

• Graphical representations of the quantitative data gathered, using appropriate software

• reflection on the application of the scientific method (demonstrated in your laboratory report) for the testing you carried out.
• an analysis of all the graphical data presented .
• Full citation/references using an acceptable referencing system.

Task 2.0

Your manager wants you to write a formal report on the potential in service conditions that may have caused material failure and the structural properties of the given metals, polymer and composite that you have been investigating (Task 1.0).

You should consider the effect of degradation on the appearance of the given materials in task 1.0 and gather qualitative feedback from colleagues on the potential causes of failure. This feedback/data will be presented, using appropriate graphical software within your report.

Your report should reflect on the application of the scientific method . There should also be an analysis of all the graphical data presented (qualitative and quantitative information from Task 1 and Task 2).

• A description of the structural properties linked to their respective material properties

• An explanation and comparison of the types of degradation including elastic, electrical and magnetic hysteresis

• Critical comparison of how changes in the thermal efficiency of a heat transfer process can be affected by the by the behavioural characteristics of mechanical systems.

• Full citation/references using an acceptable referencing system.

LO2 Determine parameters within mechanical engineering systems

Task 3.0

3.1 A simply supported beam of length 6m supports a vertical point load of 45kN at a distance of 4m from one end.

Determine the reaction forces at either end.

Recalculate the reaction forces at either end, taking into account the actual weight of the beam as a UDL. Assume that the mass of the beam is 39Kg/m and g= 9.81 m/s2

Examine two engineering applications of buoyancy?

Discuss briefly the temperature effects on mechanical properties such as a dimensional change, elasto-plastic changes, due to thermal stresses.

Find the acceleration which will be produced in a body having a mass of 60 kg when a force of 150 N acts on this body by using d'Alembert's Principle.

For a domestic hot water system, a copper pipe carries hot water at 70 0c and has an external diameter of 150 mm and is lagged to an overall diameter of 500 mm. If the surface temperature of the lagging is 20 0C determine the rate of heat loss per metre length of pipe if it can be assumed that the inner surface of the lagging is at the hot water temperature. The thermal conductivity of the lagging is 0.09 W/mK.

LO4 Analyse applications of A.C./D.C. circuit theorems, electromagnetic principles and properties

Task 4.0

4.1

4.11 For the network shown in Fig 2.0, determine Th'evenin's equivalent circuit
and the current flowing in the 4 ? resistor. Assume that the battery has negligible internal resistance.

4.12. Use the superposition theorem to find currents Ii , I2 and I3 of Fig 3.0

4.2 Construct a graph of the spectrum for each waveform in Fig 4.0
A = 10 V.

4.3
A coil of inductance 74 mH and resistance 28 ohms in series with a 50uF capacitor is connected to a 250 V,50 Hz supply. Calculate :

i. The current flowing ii The voltage across L and C.

ii. Sketch the phasor diagram

A coil of resistance 25 ? and inductance 100 mH is connected series with 0.12 uf capacitor across a 120 V,variable frequency supply. If R is small compare with XL as in radio circuits, Determine :

• the resonant frequency

• the Q - factor at resonance

4.4

Explain the operation of a transformer using the principles of electromagnetic induction.

A 300 kVA transformer has a primary winding resistance of 0.4 ? and a secondary winding resistance of 0.0015 ?. The iron loss is 2 kW and the primary and secondary voltages are 4 kV and 200 V respectively. If the power factor of the load is 0.78, determine the efficiency of the transformer on full load

4.5

Refer to the circuit shown in Fig 6.0

R = 60 ohms, L = 318.4 mH, C= 15 uF, V= 200V, 50 Hz.

Calculate :

• The current in the coil
• The current in the capacitor
• The supply voltage and its phase angle
• The circuit impedance
• Sketch the phasor diagram

Validate the results using simulation packages.

Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria

Pass

Merit

Distinction

LO1 Examine scientific data using both quantitative and computational methods

D1 Present an analysis of

P1 Describe SI units and prefix notation.

P2 Examine quantitative and qualitative data with appropriate graphical representations.

M1 Explain how the application of scientific method impacts upon different test procedures.

scientific data using both computational and qualitative methods.

LO2 Determine parameters within mechanical engineering systems

D2 Evaluate the thermal efficiency of a heat transfer processes from given parameters

P3 Determine the support reactions of a beam carrying a concentrated load and a uniformly distributed load.

P4 Use Archimedes' principle in contextual engineering applications.

P5 Determine through practical examples the change within a solid material when exposed to temperature variations.

M2 Determine unknown forces by applying d'Alembert's principle to a free body.

LO3 Explore the characteristics and properties of engineering materials

D3 Critically compare how changes in the thermal efficiency of a heat transfer process can affect the behavioural characteristics of mechanical systems

P6 Describe the structural properties of metals and non-metals with reference

to their material properties.

P7 Explain the types of degradation found in metals and non-metals.

M3 Review elastic, electrical and magnetic hysteresis in different materials.

Pass

Merit

Distinction

LO4 Analyse applications of A.C./D.C. circuit theorems, electromagnetic principles and properties

D4 Critically evaluate different techniques used to solve problems on seriesparallel R, L, C circuits using A.C. theory.

P8 Calculate currents and voltages in circuits using circuit theorems.

P9 Describe how complex waves are produced from sinusoidal waveforms.

P10 Solve problems on series R, L, C circuits with

A.C. theory.

M4 Explain the principles and applications of electromagnetic induction.

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Applications of the physical sciences to Engineering problems

Task 1.0

Analysis of scientific data

Observation
The stress strain analysis of a building under construction are taken. How much strain elongation each floor can withstand is the final outcome of this project. And based on this the safety of the persons in that building can be analysed earlier.

Data Collection
Various data are collected using the strain gauge device. The collected data is as shown below

Based on these values the strain is calculated
Results

The graphical representation is shown below

For Composite material

strain

stress

?

σ

0.000198

1.201154

0.001385

11.05774

0.001879

22.46089

0.002473

53.41879

0.003066

86.49956

0.003758

120.0049

0.004352

148.6894

0.005143

189.6357

0.005835

238.3774

0.006725

309.3458

0.007714

399.6105

0.008703

501.0252

0.009791

591.3362

0.011176

688.2612

0.012659

796.186

0.014044

858.5482

0.015429

880.1493

0.016517

853.6098

0.017703

768.8905

0.018989

627.5149

0.019088

620.3099

0.019088

620.3099

0.019385

598.8833

0.019484

596.5237

0.019583

594.3396

Task 2.0

Structural properties

The traditional thermal effects are:
Phase change, basically melting and boiling (phase transition temperatures).
Glass transition temperature.
Dimensional change, basically thermal expansion (in general, contraction if negative).
Elasto-plastic changes, due to thermal stresses.
Brittle/ductile transition temperature.
Chemical change, decomposition, oxidation, ignition.
Other physical changes as drying, segregation, outgassing, colour change, etc.
Thermal effects due to non-thermal causes: frictional heating, electrical heating, chemical heating, nuclear heating.

Plastic Material
Material Mis-selection 45%
and poor specification
Unsatisfactory design 20%
Poor processing 20%
Abuse and misuse 15%

Steel
Fatigue failure 30%
Corrosion 40%
Overload 15%
Fretting 10%
Creep 5%

Degradation may be a subjective term (e.g. hardening of ceramics by heat, or of metals by tempering, is degradation or enhancement of the material?)

Thermal degradation may be due to a mild sustained heating (giving rise to discolouration, increased creeping, thermal ageing) or to a wild heating as in fire exposure. Thermal ageing of materials is particularly important in the case of austenitic stainless steels, because chromium-carbide precipitation might occur at grain boundary, depleting the adjacent zones in chromium and hence reducing corrosion resistance.

The effect of fire on materials is a key issue in building (e.g. aluminium cannot be used as a structural building material because its collapse at high temperature). As for many of the thermal effects problems, first a purely thermal model is designed and solved, producing the input to the subsequent structural analysis; both models may be established and solved with the same tool (e.g. a finite element analyser for structures and heat transfer), or by independent tools (what may be cheaper and more versatile, at the expense of entangling the data interfacing).

Task 3.0
3.1 Consider the figure

3.11 Reaction forces at either end
R1 + R2 = 45kN
The moment about R1 is equal to R2 x 6 m = 45 kN x 4 m
R2 = (45 kN x 4) / 6 = 30 kN
R1 = 45 kN - R2 = 45 - 30 = 15 kN

3.12 If the actual weight is a UDL, the mass of the beam as 39kg/m and g = 9.81m/s2.
The total mass of the beam is 39 x 6 = 234 kg, which makes the weight of the beam
234 kg x 9.81 m/s2 = 2.2954 kN
The moment about R2 is equal to R1 x 6 m = 45 kN x 2 m + 2.29 kN x 3 m
R1 = 16.15 kN
R1 + R2 = 45kN + 2.29 kN
R2 = 31.15 kN

3.2 Applications of Buoyancy
Buoyancy explains the terminal velocity in skydiving

Consider the below figure the skydiver at terminal velocity.
Terminal Velocity

Weigth of the man displaced with terminal velocity almost same as the weight of man
80 Kg downward
The man is 80 kg(including his clothes and equipments). He is falling freely
Standard air density = 1.2kg/m3 .
Volume of air displaced by the skydiver = Velocity of Skydiver x Lower Surface Area of Skydiver
Lower Surface Area of Skydiver is calculated based on the Du Bois and Motseller formula.
Mass of Air Directly Displaced = Volume of Air Displaced x Air Density

Mass of skydiver

kg

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

Surface area

m2

0.87

0.94

1.00

1.06

Terminal Velocity

m/s

57.8

62.4

66.7

70.8

Terminal Velocity

km/hr

208

225

240

255

Mass of air displaced

kg

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

Here in this experiment the man is 80 kg .From this table we can understand that the 80 kg man is having a terminal velocity of 66.7 m/s. A skydiver at terminal velocity to displace a mass of air equal to his mass each second.

Buoyancy in Boats
Consider the figure. The conclusion drawn from the figure is the mass of boat must be equal to the mass of water displaced. This can also be explained same as the terminal velocity of skydivers. Consider a boat in a river. The weight of the boat is exerting on water. Water will exert a force called the buoyant force to the boat. With this principle the boat does not sinks in water.

When a boat flows on water, according to the physics concepts the weight of the boat should be equal to the density of water. Boat will exert the buoyant force downwards. Both the pressure and force are due to gravity.
This can be explained by the equations
Weight = Buoyancy Force (Water Pressure)
Mass of Boat x Gravity = Mass of Water Displaced x Gravity
Mass of Boat = Mass of Water Displaced

3.3 Consider that a plastic plate is heated. First there is elastic convex deformation , and a plastic concave permanent deformation. This is due to material shrinkage due to plastic shrinkage formation.

Its main characteristics are:
Advantages: applicable to heavy plates without heavy equipment (no die, no press, no rolls), cheap (an oxyacetylene handheld torch is enough), and the bend gets thicker (more resistant) and not thinner as when rolling or hammering. The trend however is towards large automated heatingline equipment, with a heat source (preferably a laser) mounted on a gantry crane.
Handicaps: demands manual skill, high-temperature causes material degradation (grain growth, allotropic changes, species diffusion, surface reactions: carburation, nitruration, oxidation, combustion).
Materials: usually applied to thick mild-steel plates; the heating is below the transition temperature (995 K) to avoid hysteresis problems.
Geometrical parameters. The initial shape is a thick plate (D≈10..20 mm), and the location of lines, their quantity, breath (b≈10..20 mm) and depth (depending on the heating method), must be selected (up to now empirically).
Heating parameters. Heat-source input is a Gaussian profile with a global power of some 5 kW, and a size at the surface qI=q0exp(-r2/R2). The oxyacetylene torch is the cheapest source, but requires gas-flowrate-control and automated travelling (clearance distance, LT≈40 mm, and speed,
v≈10 mm/s) for constancy. Laser beam offers best control and inert atmosphere, but is more expensive. High-frequency induction depends a lot on the material, and its penetration is frequency-dependent. The welding arc is no good because the low penetration causes surface melting.
Cooling parameters. A water jet following the heat source at a distance LC≈100 mm is used, producing some hardening by quenching.

3.4 mass = 60 kg
force = 150 N
Acceleration due to gravity using De Alembert's principle =
F=mg
g = F/m=150/60=2.5m/s2

3.5 Temperature of hot water = 70 0c
external diameter = 150 mm
overall diameter = 500 mm
surface temperature = 20 0C
thermal conductivity of the lagging = 0.09 W/mK.
Heat loss =UAΔT
ΔT=70-20=50
A=2πrL=2×3.14×75×500×10-6=0.23m2
Heatloss=0.09×0.23×50=1.03J

Task 4.0
4.11
To find the current through the 4Ω resistor

Remove the load 4Ω and open circuit that point and the voltage source is replaced by short circuit.
Calculate RTh

R_OC=10+ (8 x 6)/(8+6)=10+3.43=13.43 ?
V_OC=28 V x 8/(8+6)=16 V
I_L= V_OC/(R_OC+ R_L )=16/(13.43+4)= 16/17.43=0.917 A=917 mA

4.12 Consider the diagram we need to find the current I1, I2 and I3

If 4.5 V is acting alone

Reff = 1+ [0.5¦¦ 2 ]= 1.4Ω
I1 =4.5/1.4 = 3.2A
I2 = 3.2 × 0.5/2.5 = -0.64A
By KCL
I1+I2 =I3
I3 = 3.2-0.64 = 2.56A
If 8.5 V is acting alone

Reff = [1¦¦0.5]+2 =2.5Ω
I2 = 8.5/2.5 = 3.4A
I1 = 3.4× 0.5/1.5 = -1.13 A
I3 = I1+ I2 = 3.4-1.13 = 2.27A
Now the values for these three currents are
I1 3.2 -1.13 = 2.07A
I2 3.4 -0.64 = 2.76A
I3 2.56+2.27 = 4.83A

4.2 The spectrum of waveforms harmonics

A=10 V
square wave sawtooth wave triangular wave
Vn= 2A / nπ Vn= A / nπ Vn= 4A / (nπ)2
n = 1,2,3,7,5,6,7 n = 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 n = 1,2,3,4,5,6,7
V(1) 6.37 V(1) 3.18 V(1) 4.057 1
V(2) 3.18 V(2) 1.59 V(2) 1.014 2
V(3) 2.12 V(3) 1.06 V(3) 0.451 3
V(4) 1.59 V(4) 0.80 V(4) 0.254 4
V(5) 1.27 V(5) 0.64 V(5) 0.162 5
V(6) 1.06 V(6) 0.53 V(6) 0.113 6
V(7) 0.91 V(7) 0.45 V(7) 0.083 7

The spectrum of each waves are below


4.3 Consider the figure below

4.31 Inductance = 74 mH
Resistance = 28 ohms
capacitor = 50uF capacitor
connected to a 250 V,50 Hz supply

Current flowing Z = √(?[R?^2 )+(X_L ?-X?_C)2]
XL = 2πfL = 2× 3.14×50× 74 × 10-3 = 23.2
XC = 1/2πfC = 63
(XL-XC)2 = (23.2-63.7)2 = 1640.25

R2 = (28)2 = 784
Z = 49.24
I = 250/49.24 =5.077A

Voltage across the capacitor &


Voltage across the inductor
VC= I × XC
= I × 1/wC

= I ×1/2πfC
5.077 × 63 = 319.86V
VL = I × XL = I × wL
= 5.077 × 23.2 =117.78V
Phasor diagram

4.32 resistance = 25 Ω
inductance = 100 mH
capacitor across a 120 V =0.12 uf capacitor

Resonant frequency 1/(2π√LC) = 1/(2×3.14×√100×10-3×0.12×10-6) = 1.5KHz
Q factor (9128.6 x ?10?^(-1))/25 = 36.51

4.4
4.41 Consider the figure

Transformers works by electromagnetic induction. In core type transformers as in the figure we can understand that half of LV and HV winding are on two limbs. Consider that an voltage is applied to the primary turns let that be N1. As a result a current will flow I∅. An alternating flux will be induced in the core. A voltage emf will induce in primary causing an emf to be induced in secondary also.

4.42 Efficiency
Transformer efficiency = Output/Input = (Input-losses)/Input
= 1- Losses/Input
Input = 300KVA
Efficiency = 1 - (2)×103/300000
= 0.994 = 99.4%

4.5

4.51 Consider the circuit

R = 60 ohms, L = 318.4 mH, C= 15 uF, V= 200V, 50 Hz.
Current VC = 200V
Ic = 200 ×2×3.14×50× 15× 10-6 = 0.4A
ILR = 200/(60+2×3.14×50× 318.4× 10-3 ) = 1.25A
I = 0.4+1.25 =1.65A
Current in the capacitor Ic = 200 ×2×3.14×50× 15× 10-6 = 0.4A

Supply voltage and phase angle 200 and angle 0
Circuit impedance Z =√(?[R?^2 )+(X_L ?-1/X?_C)2] = 116.53
Phasor diagram

4.52 All are validated using simulations. Same results are obtained.