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Qualification - Pearson BTEC International Level 3 Qualifications in Applied Science
Unit Name - Functional Physiology of Human Body Systems
Unit Level - Level 3
Unit Number - Unit 11
Assignment Title - Homeostatic control systems
Learning Outcome 1: Explore the physiology of the digestive system and the use of corrective treatments for dietary-related diseases
Answer: The digestive system is a complex and vital organ system responsible for breaking down food into nutrients that the body can absorb and utilize. It comprises the alimentary canal (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus) and accessory organs (salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas). Each part plays a specific role in mechanical and chemical digestion, absorption, and elimination. Mechanical digestion begins in the mouth with chewing and continues with the churning action of the stomach and segmentation in the small intestine. Chemical digestion, on the other hand, involves enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into simpler molecules. The small intestine is the primary site for nutrient absorption, while the large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes, forming feces for elimination. Dietary-related diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, coeliac disease, and irritable bowel syndrome, arise from imbalances in diet or digestive dysfunction. Corrective treatments vary depending on the condition and may include dietary modifications (e.g., reducing sugar intake for diabetes, gluten-free diet for coeliac disease), medication (e.g., insulin for diabetes, anti-inflammatory drugs for IBS), or, in severe cases, surgical interventions. Lifestyle changes, including regular exercise and stress management, also play a crucial role in managing many dietary-related conditions.
Learning Outcome 2: Understand the structure, function and disorders of the endocrine and nervous systems
Answer: The endocrine and nervous systems are the body's two major control and communication systems, working in a coordinated manner to maintain homeostasis. The nervous system, composed of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system, transmits rapid electrical signals through neurons, allowing for quick responses to stimuli. It is responsible for sensory perception, voluntary movement, cognition, and many involuntary functions. The endocrine system, on the other hand, consists of glands (e.g., pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas) that produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream. These hormones act as chemical messengers, targeting specific cells and tissues to regulate a wide range of slower, longer-lasting processes, including metabolism, growth, reproduction, and mood. Disorders of the nervous system can include neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's, stroke, epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis, often leading to impaired motor function, sensation, or cognitive abilities. Endocrine disorders, such as diabetes mellitus (pancreas), hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism (thyroid), and Cushing's syndrome (adrenal glands), result from hormone imbalances, leading to a variety of systemic effects. Treatments for these disorders often involve medication to replace missing hormones, suppress overactive glands, or manage symptoms, and in some cases, surgery.
Learning Outcome 3: Understand the role of homeostasis in controlling and coordinating the body systems
Answer: Homeostasis is the fundamental physiological process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment despite external fluctuations. It is a dynamic equilibrium, not a static state, and is essential for the proper functioning of all body systems. This intricate control involves a constant interplay between receptors (detecting changes), a control center (processing information and determining a response), and effectors (carrying out the response). Negative feedback loops are the most common homeostatic mechanism, where a deviation from the set point triggers a response that counteracts the change, bringing the system back to normal. Examples include the regulation of body temperature, blood glucose levels, blood pressure, and pH. For instance, if blood glucose rises after a meal, the pancreas releases insulin to lower it (negative feedback). Positive feedback loops, while less common in homeostatic control, amplify a change in the same direction, such as in childbirth or blood clotting. The coordinated action of the nervous and endocrine systems is paramount in maintaining homeostasis. The nervous system provides rapid, short-term adjustments, while the endocrine system provides slower, long-term regulation. When homeostatic mechanisms fail, it can lead to disease and dysfunction, highlighting the critical importance of these control and coordinating processes for overall health and survival.
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Case Scenario - In preparation for your application to study for a degree in Nursing, you have gained a clinical work experience placement at your local hospital. During your placement, you will be observing a multidisciplinary team working within an endocrinology clinic. The staff provide treatment and care to patients with a wide range of disorders that disrupt the homeostatic mechanisms of the body.
At the end of your placement, you must produce a report which evaluates the disruptive effects of homeostatic disorders, analyses how the endocrine and nervous systems work together to maintain homeostasis and explains the importance and purpose of feedback mechanisms in regulating body systems.
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Task: Your report must provide the following:
• A detailed explanation of the mechanisms of homeostasis and the reasons why these systems are crucial to the regulation and maintenance of a stable internal environment in the human body.
An analyseof how the endocrine and nervous systems work together to bring about a state of equilibrium in human body systems and evaluate the physiological effects of any disruption to homeostatic mechanisms.
Provide specific examples of a negative feedback mechanism and a positive feedback mechanism in the human body. Your examples must include clear explanations of how each of these feedback mechanisms work to either return the internal environment to its ideal value or maintain or accelerate a stimulus until its end point is reached. Your explanations must include the following key scientific terms related to feedback mechanisms:
o optimum
o variable
o control centre
o stimulus
o receptors/sensors
o effectors
o feedback
Illustrate your examples with labelled diagrams that you have produced yourself or obtained from a secondary source. All secondary sources of information must be properly referenced.
• A detailed analysis of the relationship between the endocrine and nervous systems and the specific role of the hypothalamus in coordinating the two systems, including the functions of the two parts of the pituitary gland. Your analysis must show how the two systems are linked and how each system plays a role in maintaining homeostasis.
• An evaluation oftwo factors that disrupt the homeostatic balance of the body. Your report must consider the significance of the physiological effects caused by two chosen factors that result in upset to the normally fine balance of specific control mechanisms. The factors to choose from are:
o ageing
o deficiency
o toxicity
o genetics
o lifestyle
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Report:
- detailed explanations of homeostasis including examples of positive and negative feedback mechanisms.
- Diagrams showing feedback loops
- analysis of the relationship between the endocrine and nervous system and how these systems bring about homeostasis
- analysis of the role of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in homeostatic control
- evaluation of two factors that disrupt homeostasis
- evaluation of the physiological effects of homeostatic disruption
- All secondary sourced diagrams must be properly referenced.
Criteria: Evaluate the disruptive effects of factors affecting homeostasis
Analyse the relationship between the endocrine and nervous system in maintaining homeostasis
Explain the purpose and need for homeostasis
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Assessment criteria
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Pass
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Merit
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Distinction
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Learning aim A: Explore the physiology of the digestive system and the use of corrective treatments for dietary related diseases
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A.D1 Evaluate the effect of dietary disease and corrective treatments on human health.
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A.P1 Explain the role and location of organs involved in digestion
A.P2 Correctly carry out investigations to establish sources and importance of key nutrients for a balanced diet.
A.P3 Describe the
symptoms of nutrient deficiency as a result of dietary-related disease.
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A.M1 Analyse the role of digestive enzymes on each part of the digestive system
A.M2 Explain the use of corrective treatments for nutrient deficiency.
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Learning aim B: Understand the structure, function and disorders of the endocrine and nervous systems
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B.D2 Evaluate the impact of changes to the nervous and hormonal systems throughout life.
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B.P4 Explain the
organisation of the endocrine system in relation to its function.
B.P5 Explain the
organisation of the nervous system in relation to its function.
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B.M3 Analyse how the functions of the nervous and endocrine systems are interrelated.
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Learning aim C: Understand the role of homeostasis in controlling and coordinating the body systems
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C.D3 Evaluate the
disruptive effects of factors affecting homeostasis.
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C.P6 Explain the purpose and need for homeostasis.
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C.M4 Analyse the
relationship between the endocrine and nervous system in maintaining homeostasis.
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