Construction Information Production

Course: HND in Construction and the Built Environment

Introduction

Unit 6 dives deep into the crucial world of construction information, encompassing drawings, specifications, and more.

This isn't about giving you answers, but empowering you to understand. We'll explore:

Types of information: Drawings, specifications, schedules, and their importance in different projects.
Creating construction documents: Learn about industry standards and best practices for clear, effective communication.
Collaboration strategies: Discover how architects, engineers, and contractors work together using information.

Table of Contents

• LO1: Evaluation of different types of construction information in the context of diverse project types
• Use of construction information for a project
• Different types of construction information and their uses
• Comparison of different construction information to identify their suitability for specific contexts
• LO2: Development of construction drawings, details, schedules, and specifications to support the given construction project
• Development of a set of general arrangement of drawings, selected details, and door / window schedules
• Development of an outline bill of quantities
• Developing schedule of works
• Justification of the use of specific types of construction information for the given project
• LO3: Interpretation of different types of construction information to explain the given construction project
• Relating construction drawings to the specifications
• Evaluating construction drawings and details to identify clashes
• Providing critique to the body of construction information, identification of errors, and discrepancies
• LO4: Assessment of ways of collaboration by construction professionals while producing construction information
• Assessing the types of information produced by different participants in a construction project
• Examination of the relationship between different information bodies and how they work in conjunction
• Comparison of the roles of CAD and BIM in the collaborative production of constructive information
• Corrections to construction drawings and specifications using industry standard forms of notation
• Reference

Unit 6 Construction Information (Drawing, Detailing, Specification)

Construction Information Production

LO1: Evaluation of different types of construction information in the context of diverse project types

(a) Explain the use of construction information in the context of a project in general or based on the current scenario.

Use of construction information for a project

The construction information for any building project can be described as all the information that may exist in any format and is utilized to develop, realize, and communicate about different elements and components of the given project from its inception (Jeonget al. 2016, p.1106). Usually, in construction projects, a large number of individuals and groups are involved. Some the key individuals associated with a construction project are the consultants, clients, sub-contractors, contractors, and other kinds of stakeholders involved. In order to cover up the details and information of these large number of individuals the information generated at the end can be significantly high. Managing these complex and large data sets and information might be very challenging in nature without a structured framework within the data management system being used by the construction project. These data sets usually include sketches, letters, schedules, drawings, specifications, bills of quantities, models, contracts, and more. These pieces of information contribute to the realization and successful completion of the project on an overall basis. Furthermore, the information here is usually retained for purposes of recording.

In the contemporary age of digitalization, the typical pieces of information and their forms, such as hard copies are being replaced with more sophisticated methods and forms. In the present times, software and applications especially designed to generate structural models via computing power of the computers are being increasingly used due to their conveniency and economic nature (Liet al. 2018, p.401).

The construction information can be organized to add to the practical and theoretical knowledge for the construction project at hand. In the construction industry, information can be regarded as one of the vertebrae of its backbone, without which crucial and the right decision processes cannot be carried out, resulting in complete failure of the project.

(b) Describe the different types of construction information and their uses. What type of construction information you will use for the current scenario and justify their use?

Different types of construction information and their uses

As mentioned previously, there are numerous construction information, and some of them along with their uses have been stated below.

Architectural drawings: These drawings are the technical representation of a structure or building. These drawings are made at the beginning of the process of construction. They are drawn with projections and lines based on a specific scale.There can be numerous types of architectural drawings, such as floor plan, site plan, elevation, cross section, finishing drawing, landscape, section drawings, working plan, general note, section drawings, as-built drawings, excavation drawing, shop drawings, line plan, and numerous more. The construction drawings offer an insight into a building's development and are developed throughout different phases. These drawings are used by the builders and other personnel involved with the project to get in-depth understandings of different sections and components of the structure being developed.

Electrical and Plumbing Drawings: These are the wiring guides and diagramsthat gives an in-depth information about all the electrical connections, fixtures, outlets, switches, fans, lighting, and other elements related to electrical and plumbing components of the structure being developed under the construction project (Sacks, 2016, p.643). Electricians relies heavily upon these drawings and guides to understand the layout of wiring on any area of the structure. The information under these sheets also comprises of the plumbing drawings, representing the piping system and water outlets for a building or other kind of structure.

HVAC and Firefighting Drawings and Guide: The HVACdrawings can be termed as the mechanical drawings and contains information of the ventilation and heating systems. These drawings also comprise of the patters and layout of aid conditioning inside the structure. A detailed and comprehensive insight of the complex systems can be acquired via the information here, allowing the builders to plan their processes for the construction accordingly.

On the other hand, firefighting drawings are developed prior to the initiation of a building's construction. Some of the key elements of the firefighting drawings are the water outlets, the fire hoses, the points, and other elements that are related to fire emergency. The layouts of fire protection plan and the safety systems along with their locations as a part of the developed structure are included in the firefighting drawings and guides.

Feasibility studies: These are preliminary studies that are usually carried out during the initial stages of the construction project. These are especially conducted for projects that are large, complex, or both. Also, in case there is any form of controversy or doubt associated with the proposed development or there is a need for an environmental impact assessment (EIA), feasibility studies are relied upon (Daveet al. 2014, p.23).The purpose of a feasibility study is to determine whether the project is viable or not, and to aid in the identification of different feasible options for the construction project. The piece of information also helps to develop other documentations of the project, such as the project execution plan, the business case, and strategic belief.

Options appraisals: These are used once the feasibility studies are completed in a project and its purpose is to assess numerous potential options prior to the development of the concept design for the option preferred. The piece of information might comprise of diagrammatic options studies, which can be used by the clients have a comprehensive understanding of the merits and demerits of the options available. The understanding here would help to select an appropriate and preferred option to be usedin the construction project.

(c) Compare different types of construction information to identify their suitability in specific contexts (current scenario)

Comparison of different construction information to identify their suitability for specific contexts

Architectural drawings: When compared to other aspects of information in a construction project, architecture drawings can be referred as one of the mother sources of information for the structures and their components involved.It comprises of the fundamental structural information that are needed in all of other pieces of construction information in order to complete the construction project at hand successfully.

Electrical and Plumbing Drawings: These drawings hold great importanceand the construction project cannot be completed without them. All the necessary lines and points for wiring and plumbing are represented here and is carried out after planning and developing the architectural drawings. If compared to all other construction information the Electrical and Plumbing Drawings can be placed on the second position in the list after the architectural drawings.

Feasibility studies: Complex and large projects can be carried out effectively by the use of feasibility studies (Harriset al. 2021, p.119). It determines the viability for any given project and thus holds great importance in construction information.

Options appraisals: Options appraisals are carried out after the feasibility studies, and thus have a heavy reliance on the feasibility studies. Once the viability has been determined by the feasibility studies, options appraisals are used to understanding the merits and demerits of the available options determined in the previous stage (Zhaoet al. 2017, p.575).

FAQ: Evaluating Construction Information for Different Project Types

• Q: What are the main types of construction information?
• Q: How does project type influence information needs?
• Q: How to evaluate construction information for a specific project?
• Q: What tools can help evaluate construction information?

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LO2: Development of construction drawings, details, schedules, and specifications to support the given construction project

(a) Prepare a set of general arrangement drawings, selected details and door/window schedules. (Current scenario)

Development of a set of general arrangement of drawings, selected details, and door / window schedules

An office building is to be constructed in a local industrial park in Heathrow, in the United Kingdom. The office building will be a total of five storey structure and will be constructed near an expressway linking UK's international airport. The building to be planned would comprise of an array of office and meeting rooms of high specifications. Furthermore, the given building is to be constructed at a southern area of England, near to the Heathrow Airport. The building materials to be used will comprise of a combination of concrete and steel.

As can be seen from the above picture, each of the five floors of the building will more or less comprise of the outlined structure. The entrance of the building and the subsequent access to other floors of the building will be primarily situated on the south western corner of the building. This area would comprise of stairs and lift for entry to the building and access to different floors. Upon accessing the floors, the user has to pass through an entrance that will be connected to each and every major room of that floor. Upon entering the user can access suite 05-01 and suite 05-02, having a floor area of 675 square feet and 720 square feet, respectively. Upon proceeding further through the corridor, other three suits can be accessed which are located adjacent to one another. Upon proceeding further there will be two toilet units for gents and ladies (one for each), adjacent of which there will be the emergency access to the building staircase. The car lift has been designed on the north eastern end of the building, which will be used to lift light weightvehicles if needed.

As can be seen, the five-storey office building will have access to adjacent parking lots where employees and other staff will be able to park their vehicles. Also, a large section of the building exterior would have glass panels in addition of steel and concrete as the primary construction materials.

(b) Produce an outline bill of quantities. (Current scenario) Development of an outline bill of quantities

(c) Compose a schedule of works. (Current scenario)

Developing schedule of works

(d) Justify the use of specific types of construction information in Task 1 & Task 2 support of a given project. (For current scenario)

Justification of the use of specific types of construction information for the given project

The construction is an extensive and lengthy one that might require additional information like options appraisals and feasibility studies. Also, this construction information along with the fundamental drawing plans, such as the architectural drawings, electrical and plumbing drawings, and HVAC and Firefighting Drawings will enable the client to have deeper understanding of the elements of construction to be undertaken and recommend suggestions as per specific needs (Dave, 2013, p.46).

FAQ: Evaluating Construction Information for Different Project Types

• Q: What are construction documents?
• Q: Who develops construction documents?
• Q: What information is needed to develop construction documents?
• Q: What are some key considerations when developing construction documents?
• Q: What tools can help develop construction documents?

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LO3: Interpretation of different types of construction information to explain the given construction project

(a) Relate a set of construction drawings to a specification. (For current scenario)

Relating construction drawings to the specifications

The specifications of a structure are usually found within the working documents that are primarily used by the contractors to bid and execute any given construction project. The construction specifications are the written documents containing detailed information about the construction materials being utilized for building the structure.Construction specifications can be complex and lengthy at times and thus needs time to study and apply in the project at hand. Here, for the given project, pre-specifications have been relied on. Some of them are the New Rules of Measurement (NRM2), the Standard Method of Measurement (SMM7), the BS1192, and the Common Arrangement of Work Sections (CAWS) (Wanget al. 2020, p.103). The order of cost estimation and planning has been developed with reference to NRM2. Furthermore, the code of procedure for the measurements of the given structure have been conducted via the use of SMM7. The floor plan given under the precious sections has been drawn as per these construction policies and the quality of the construction information has been ensured by the application of BS 1192.

(b) Evaluate construction drawings and details to identify errors and clashes.

Evaluating construction drawings and details to identify clashes
Plans, sections, and details

Careful evaluation of construction drawings can help reveal clashes in them. Clashes can be defined as the conflicts that arises due to difference of beliefs and viewpoints among the individuals and groups associated with a construction project (Kerosuoet al. 2015, p.291). It is the primary responsibility of the architect to resolve these clashes in order to ensure successful completion of the project. The development data for any structure undertaking can be portrayed as all the data that may exist in any arrangement and is used to create, acknowledge, and convey about various components and segments of the given task from its commencement (Jeong et al. 2016, p.1106). Ordinarily, in development projects, countless people and gatherings are included. Some the key people related with a development project are the experts, customers, sub-workers for hire, workers for hire, and different sorts of partners included. To conceal the subtleties and data of these enormous number of people the data produced toward the end can be fundamentally high. Dealing with these unpredictable and enormous informational indexes and data may be exceptionally difficult in nature without an organized structure inside the information the board framework being utilized by the development project. These informational collections as a rule incorporate portrayals, letters, plans, drawings, details, bills of amounts, models, agreements, and the sky is the limit from there. These snippets of data add to the acknowledgment and effective culmination of the undertaking on a general premise. Moreover, the data here is normally held for reasons for recording.

In the contemporary period of digitalization, the regular snippets of data and their structures, for example, printed versions are being supplanted with more refined strategies and structures. In the current occasions, programming and applications particularly intended to produce underlying models by means of registering force of the PCs are as a rule progressively utilized because of their conveniency and monetary nature (Li et al. 2018, p.401).

The development data can be coordinated to add to the viable and hypothetical information for the development project nearby. In the development business, data can be viewed as one of the vertebrae of its spine, without which urgent and the right choice cycles can't be done, bringing about complete disappointment of the undertaking.

For the given project, there are certain clashes that are needed to be minimized. For example, the wall thickness around the car lift is needed to be increased further as the lift may be used to anchor up slightly heavy vehicles, like SUV. Putting additional load than recommended on the car lift may put stress around it, and therefore a thicker wall is needed to be considered here. Also, the emergency staircase can be made further detached from the main structure, enabling more freedom, safety, and conveniency during fire, earthquake, and other emergencies.

(c) Critique a body of construction information, identifying errors and discrepancies.

Providing critique to the body of construction information, identification of errors, and discrepancies

Here, the pre-set bill of quantities is needed to be adhered through the duration of conducting the construction project. Dimensions and measurements like area, length, height, volume, time, and weight are needed to be considered for each and every section of the structure. Having slight deviations from them could lead to catastrophic repercussions.
Certain discrepancies considered for the project are as follows:
• Inadequate alignment of the structure with thebuilding bye-laws, codes and government rules.
• Further requirement for construction information in certain structural parts, such as the car lift
• Presence of inadequate time for developing the drawings and documents for facilitating the construction project
• Frequent requirement changes form the client
These discrepancies if not minimized in time will likely lead to increased hindrances for the project or even its complete compromise.

FAQ: Understanding Construction Information to Explain a Project

• Q: What types of construction information need interpretation?
• Q: How can I interpret construction information for explanation?
• Q: What are some effective ways to explain a construction project?
• Q: Are there any tools to help explain construction information?

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LO4: Assessment of ways of collaboration by construction professionals while producing construction information
Assessing the types of information produced by different participants in a construction project
Some of the key and common participants who produces construction information for a project are as follows:
Investors/ Clients:The investors of a project are the individuals who provide a certain section of the funds for the project's completion. They can also help to raise a part of the funding for the construction project at hand. Primarily the clients can be classified under two groups, the public sector clients and the private sector clients, and their operations differed based upon the sector with which they are involved.

Consultant: Consultants are hired by the construction firm in order to provide construction advises and solutions for the project being carried out. Generation of forecasts and predictions are also parts of the consultant's job roles. These pieces of information are often crucial for the project's successful completion.

Structural engineer: Structural engineers provides advises to the architect and other individuals associated with the project and their field of expertise lies in providing stability solutions for the structure being developed. Also, the size of the structural member can be accurately obtained via their helps.

Contractor: The contractors are individuals or groups responsible for finding and hiring the suitable sub-contractors for a given project. These individuals are responsible for involving the right candidates having the right sets of skills and expertise for the project's successful completion (Dave, Boddy and Koskela, 2011, p.479). Additionally, some of their roles involve managing materials, equipment, and other services throughout the duration of the project.

Examination of the relationship between different information bodies and how they work in conjunction
The major bosies of information in a construction project are feasibility studies, appraisals, working drawings, design drawings, specifications, models, sketches, instructions, letters, and request for information.In order for a construction project to be carried out successfully, all these information bosies are needed to be included and followed. Neglecting or excluding one can affect the others. The building drawings are heavily reliant on the client request information and the specifications document. Similarly, the options appraisals are dependent on the feasibility studies.

Comparison of the roles of CAD and BIM in the collaborative production of constructive information
Computer Aided Design (CAD) can be defined as the use of computer-based applications and software to develop graphical representation of the original structural elements. These 2D and 3D models can greatly assist in the process of designing and planning.

On the other hand, BIM is majorly used to develop sustainable structures and collaborative environment, and usually have a wide range of application in numerous fields. CAD can be perceived as a part of BIM, and the architect with the aid of BIM is able to utilize CAD models and store them under a single database (Kerosuo et al. 2015, p.292). Detailed constructive informationcan be produced by the collaborative application of CAD and BIM. For example, both of them can be used to generate preliminary models of the structure about the be constructed, which can be used as a reference throughout the construction phase.

Corrections to construction drawings and specifications using industry standard forms of notation

In the UK, placement of the decimal marker (full stop) on the baseline is considered as the standard point of decimal. However, the market being at halfway is acceptable as well under the standard notation form. Other than these, any other form is not accepted. Also, no thousand markers (comma) should be used. This is to avoid confusionswith the Continental decimal marker. However, the standard is not applicable to the currencies. The component sizes in a design plan are needed to be represented in a consistent manner, avoiding any kind of mixed unit. However, this is not applicable for the long thin components, like timbers.

These standards along with others are needed to be adhered to while developing construction drawings. Deviations from these changes are needed immediate correction.

FAQ: Collaboration in Construction Information Production

• Q: Why is collaboration crucial in construction information production?
• Q: How do construction professionals collaborate on information production?
• Q: What are the challenges of collaboration in construction information production?
• Q: How can collaboration be improved in construction information production?

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