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Qualification - Pearson BTEC Levels 4 and 5 Higher Nationals in Construction and the Built Environment
Unit Name - Principles of Heating Services Design & Installation
Unit Reference Number - M/615/1395
Unit Level - Level 4
Unit Number - Unit 9
Assignment Title - Principles of Heating Services Design & Installation
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Unit Credit - Credit 15
Learning Outcome 1: Identify pre-design information required for a non-domestic heating system
Answer: Before designing a non-domestic heating system, crucial pre-design information is needed to ensure an efficient and effective solution. This includes a detailed understanding of the building itself, such as its construction materials, U-values of the building envelope (walls, roof, floor, windows, doors), and airtightness, all of which directly impact heat loss. Occupancy levels and their varying schedules are vital for determining heating loads and zoning requirements. The intended use of different spaces within the building dictates comfort temperatures and ventilation needs. External factors like local climate data, including historical temperature lows and wind speeds, are essential for calculating peak heating loads. Information on existing utilities, such as available fuel sources (natural gas, electricity, oil, etc.), their supply capacities, and costs, will heavily influence system selection. Any current or planned energy efficiency measures for the building, such as insulation upgrades or renewable energy integration, should also be factored in. Finally, the client's budget, aesthetic preferences, and any specific operational requirements or sustainability goals are critical to guide the design process.
Learning Outcome 2: Analyse heating loads for non-domestic buildings
Answer: Analyzing heating loads for non-domestic buildings is a complex process that involves calculating the total thermal energy required to maintain a comfortable indoor environment during colder periods. This analysis primarily focuses on two main components: transmission heat losses and ventilation/infiltration heat losses, while also considering internal heat gains. Transmission losses occur through the building envelope - walls, roof, floor, windows, and doors - and are calculated based on the area of each component, its U-value (a measure of heat transfer), and the temperature difference between the inside and outside. Ventilation losses arise from the replacement of warmer indoor air with colder outdoor air, either through intentional ventilation systems or unintentional infiltration through cracks and openings; this is determined by the building's volume, air change rate, and the specific heat capacity of air. Crucially, non-domestic buildings often benefit from significant internal heat gains generated by occupants, lighting, and equipment (e.g., computers, machinery, cooking appliances). These internal gains can substantially reduce the net heating load, and their accurate estimation, including diversity factors for varying usage patterns, is vital to avoid oversizing the heating system. Advanced calculation methods, often utilizing specialized software, are employed to consider dynamic factors like solar gains, building orientation, and varying occupancy schedules throughout the day and year, ensuring a precise and energy-efficient heating system design that accounts for both the heat lost and the heat generated within the building.
Learning Outcome 3: Design a non-domestic heating system for a given building type
Answer: Designing a non-domestic heating system requires a tailored approach based on the specific building type and its unique demands. For an office building, for example, the design would prioritize individual zone control for varying occupancy and comfort preferences, potentially utilizing Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) systems or multi-zone air handling units. High internal heat gains from computers, lighting, and occupants would necessitate a system that can efficiently handle both heating and cooling, often with heat recovery ventilation to reclaim energy from exhaust air. In contrast, a warehouse would likely benefit from a simpler, robust system like radiant tube heaters or unit heaters, focusing on heating large, open volumes with minimal zoning, while considering factors like high ceilings and loading dock operations that lead to significant air infiltration. For a school, the design would need to accommodate diverse spaces, from classrooms requiring precise temperature control and good indoor air quality, to gymnasiums and auditoriums needing large-volume heating with potential for intermittent use. Here, a central boiler system with distributed heating elements (radiators, fan coil units) coupled with dedicated ventilation for fresh air might be most appropriate. Regardless of the building type, common considerations include the selection of appropriate heat sources (boilers, heat pumps, combined heat and power), distribution methods (hydronic, forced air), controls and building management systems (BMS) for optimal efficiency, and integration with renewable energy sources where feasible, all while adhering to relevant building codes, energy efficiency standards, and the client's operational and budgetary constraints.
Learning Outcome 4: Justify the selection of non-domestic heating system components and installation strategy.
Answer: Justifying the selection of non-domestic heating system components and their installation strategy is a meticulous process, directly informed by the pre-design information and heating load analysis. For instance, the choice of a heat source like a natural gas boiler versus an air-source heat pump hinges on factors like local fuel availability and cost (e.g., in Jaipur, natural gas infrastructure might be considered), the building's specific heat load, and the client's carbon emission reduction goals. A high-efficiency condensing boiler might be justified for its lower operational costs if natural gas is readily available and affordable, while a heat pump would be selected for its low carbon footprint, especially if coupled with a decarbonizing electricity grid, despite potentially higher upfront costs and larger space requirements for outdoor units. Regarding distribution systems, hydronic (water-based) systems with radiators or underfloor heating are justified for their even heat distribution and suitability for zoning, particularly in offices or schools where stable temperatures are crucial. Conversely, a forced-air system with ductwork might be chosen for a retail space due to its rapid heating capability and easier integration with ventilation and air conditioning. The selection of heat emitters (e.g., panel radiators, fan coil units, radiant panels) depends on the desired comfort levels, aesthetic considerations, and the specific heat transfer requirements of each zone. Fan coil units, for example, offer both heating and cooling, justifying their selection in buildings with year-round climate control needs. The installation strategy itself is equally critical. For new builds, a centralized plant room with efficient pipework routing is often justified for ease of maintenance and optimal system performance. In retrofit projects, a decentralized approach with individual units or smaller plant rooms might be chosen to minimize disruption and leverage existing infrastructure. Proper pipework sizing and insulation are paramount, justified by the need to minimize heat loss during distribution, reduce energy consumption, and ensure consistent thermal comfort. Furthermore, the inclusion of advanced controls and building management systems (BMS) is justified to optimize system operation based on occupancy, external conditions, and energy tariffs, leading to significant energy savings and improved occupant comfort. Finally, adherence to local building codes, safety regulations, and industry best practices throughout the installation process is non-negotiable, ensuring a safe, compliant, and durable heating system.
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Introduction
The buildings we use in everyday life - to work, study, socialise and live in - are increasingly complex in their design as well as being subject to more stringent environmental targets for emissions. Within these buildings, heating systems play a major part in maintaining the comfort of the occupants.
This unit will introduce students to the principles of the design and installation of heating systems for non-domestic buildings.
Subjects included in this unit are: the design process, pre-design/design brief, the production of design data, thermal comfort, calculation of U-values, heat loss calculation, total heating loads and heating plant capacity, heating media and distribution systems, system layouts, heat emitters, heat sources, heating system components, sizing and specification of heating system components, and commissioning, testing and handover procedures.
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Essential Content
LO1 Identify pre-design information required for a non-domestic heating system
The design process:
Design stages and tasks Legislation
Health & safety Design constraints Sustainability.
Pre-design/design brief:
Building form Building orientation Air tightness
Fabric insulation Glazing
Thermal mass Occupancy, usage details Potential internal loads Cost plan.
Design data Thermal comfort
LO2 Analyse heating loads for non-domestic buildings U-values:
Calculation of U-values for composite structures.
Heat loss calculation:
Calculation of heat losses, ventilation heat losses.
Total heating loads and heating plant capacity:
Plant diversity Plant configuration
Single and multiple boiler options Minimising heat loads.
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LO3 Design a non-domestic heating system for a given building type
Heating media and distribution systems:
Requirements of the heating system Radiant and convective output Distribution
Zoning options
Integration with domestic hot water (DHW) requirements, integration with low- carbon technology options.
Heating media options:
Radiant, air, water
Low pressure hot water (lphw) Medium pressure hot water (mphw)
High pressure hot water (hphw) and steam.
System layouts:
Centralised or de-centralised Distribution system layout options Two-pipe
Reverse return
Constant flow and variable flow systems.
Heat emitters:
Radiators
Natural convectors Underfloor heating Fan convectors Radiant panels.
Heat sources:
Direct and indirect options
Conventional boilers or other heat sources such as heat pumps or combined heat and power (CHP)
Fuel options and possible storage requirements Boiler and burner types
Plant room design requirements Flue and chimney design.
Heating system components:
Pipework Pumps
Pressurisation units Expansion vessels Low loss headers
Air and dirt separators Pipework expansion devices Regulating valves
Fire collars.
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LO4 Justify the selection of non-domestic heating system components and installation strategy
Sizing and specification of heating system components:
Pipes Pumps
Pressurisation units Expansion vessels Low loss header
Air and dirt separators Pipework expansion devices Regulating valves
Fire collars.
Commissioning, testing and handover procedures
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Pass
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Merit
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Distinction
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LO1 Identify pre-design information required for a non- domestic heating system
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P1 Explain the design process stages and tasks that must be considered for the design of a non- domestic heating system
P2 Discuss the information that should be included in a design brief for a non- domestic heating system design
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M1 Evaluate the design considerations and possible constraints for a given building type provided, with reference to legislation and possible Health & Safety considerations
M2 Analyse human comfort requirements
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LO1 and LO2
D1 Analyse the Health & Safety and environmental legislation relevant to the design, installation and operation of a non-domestic heating system
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P3 Produce design data for a heating system in a given building
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LO2 Analyse heating loads for non-domestic buildings
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P4 Calculate U-values for a given structure
P5 Calculate heat loss for spaces within a given building
P6 Calculate the total heating load for a given building
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M3 Analyse the current requirements for minimum U-values in domestic and non- domestic buildings, including infiltration rates
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LO3 Design a non-domestic heating system for a given building type
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P7 Discuss suitable alternative heating strategies for a given building
P8 Explore the design criteria for the selection of heat emitters and heat source, and the criteria for their selection
P9 Produce a design proposal for a non- domestic heating system
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M4 Select a suitable heating strategy for a given building and analyse the reasons behind their selection
M5 Justify the selection of suitable heat emitters and heat source for a given building and analyse their selection
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LO3 and LO4
D2 Analyse a range of sustainable options suitable for the heating system in a given building
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LO4 Justify the selection of non-domestic heating system components and installation strategy.
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P10 Calculate sizes of pipework for a given building
P11 Identify the index circuit and calculate the pipework resistance
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M6 Discuss how the selection of different components impacts on an installation strategy
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P12 Justify the selection of a range of non-domestic heating system components
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