CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
Table of Contents
Introduction
LO1 Explain the common method and techniques used in civil engineering earthworks and substructures
LO2 Present a site safety plan, risk assessment and method statement for a given civil engineering activity
LO3 Evaluate a given civil engineering problem and propose a solution
Engineering process
LO4: Prepare a design proposal for a new infrastructure project
Conclusion
Introduction
Civil engineering is an engineering discipline, which is based on the development of the designs, the construction and the maintenance of the environment through the development of infrastructures. The basics of civil engineering are based on the construction processes and the activities that are taken into account in order to develop different structures or development of roadways or any other environmental structures. Construction activities are the tasks carried out in single units in order to gain overall development of the structures. It is important to note that the given paper is based on the understanding of the different activities and information, which is required in order to carry out development of a large construction that has been proposed to be carried out in Lok Wo Sha, Shatin, Hong Kong. The paper will be analyzing the ways in which the different activities like excavation, backfilling, slope-stabilization works, construction of new retaining walls, and laying of drains along with other underground utilities that are necessary for the proposed project is to be carried out.
LO1 Explain the common method and techniques used in civil engineering earthworks and substructures
P1 Earthworks activities, equipment and techniques
In civil engineering, there are various processes, which are carried out in order to conduct the activities of civil engineering. One such activity is the conduction of earthwork activities. It has been analysed that the earthwork activities are based on the processing of the parts of the earth's surface that involves usage of large amount of soil or rocks.
The process of earthworks in civil engineering considers the suitable land to evacuate in order to structure the applicable construction procedure. Managing and directing the system based application also helps to embark on the project that state the long term effective structure so the necessary system based adjustment can able to generate in a better manner. The directive planning criteria and considering the necessary movement in this segment also helps to manage the formative work implication in this segment. The compaction of the road materials and projecting the better help for long term work perspective also initiates concerned work practices that engage with further planning.
The process of evacuation connects with the systematic work planning that initiates the suitable investigation structure based on suitable work formation structure with information follow up procedure. The present idea also clarifies the scale of diggability and engages the state of working channel that initiates long term work engagement. Assessing the percentage of Rock Quality Data method and Spacing of joints process the direct engagement of the overall procedure can able to structure the uniaxial related compressive strength. The direction of the evaluation plan and considering the volume of material can able to state proper growth and development based initiation.
The basic idea behind the processing of the earthwork is focused on the excavation of a land into a preferable condition that can be used to conduct the process of any construction to be carried out. It has been analysed that there are different techniques and processes, which can be used in order to carry out such activities in the development of the proposed plot development at Lok Woo Shan, Hong Kong.
Excavation and earthmoving equipment
In order to document the tasks of earthwork, there is the requirement of carrying out excavation and earthmoving in order to ensure effective usage of materials that will help in the development of the earthwork activities or the process of excavation. The process of excavation and earthmoving is focused on the types of equipment, which are being used in order to ensure smooth conditions for the earthwork and earthmoving activities (Emmitt, 2018). The process of excavation and earthmoving is based on the movement of rock and other materials with the help of heavy equipments and tools, which are based on the following:
Bulldozer: The pushing of the soil is carried out by maintaining effective and successful tracking of the equipment that helps in the breaking of the soil and rock to carry out the process of construction. There is the use of hydraulic attachments in the machine in order to break down the soil and rocks.
Dragline: the use of dragline helps in the development of the bulk excavation due to the ability to make relative control over the entire process of excavation.
Dump Truck: the use dump truck helps in transferring the materials from one spot to another spot while conducting the activity excavation.
1) Excavation
The process of excavation is carried you in order to develop the foundation for any construction that is to be carried out. It is the process, which helps in the breaking of the soil and rocks into simpler parts, which will help in increasing the affectivity of construction process. It is carried out with the help of the earth moving equipments leading to successful breakdown and soaring of the soil to be taken place (Li et al. 2016).
2) Excavation and load
Considering the process of carrying out crying aloud, it has been noted that the vehicle load is composed of the static and dynamic loads, which is processed with the help of the quarter-truck model with two degrees of freedom process that help sin simplifying the vehicles loads. This leads to the deduction in the dynamic load and has been expressed in terms of the harmonic load.
3) Haul and deposit
Hauling and deposit are the two processes, which are present in the process of carrying out any excavation process that involves the construction and drilling tasks. As per the given tasks it has been analyzed that the hauling and deposit task is carried out by the use of cranes, bulldozers, leaders, tractors and trucks.
P2 Methods and techniques to create complex foundations, piling works and drainage works
Different methods are present in order to carry out the process of complex foundations, piling works and drainage works are based on the following categories of construction foundations that are being carried out. Some of the steps that are being taken in order to develop the foundation are given as follows:
• Investigating the soil where the foundations to be carried out.
• Locating the actual corners of the foundation on the soil so that the formation of the foundation is carried out successfully.
• Conducting the process of excavation that will help in increasing the overall processing of the carriers
• Footing installation is the process, which is to be carried out in order to our concrete in the wood forms either directly or indirectly in the trenches to develop the footings.
• The sealing of the footing to avoid contact with moisture
• Use of concrete blocks in order to ensure that the development of the stern walls in order to build the basement of the foundation to be developed
• Use of sealer in order to treat the walls of the foundation so that there is ineffective moisture being present or in contact with the foundation (Atkinson, 2017).
Different types of piles
Pile foundation can be defined as the foundation types which is deep and is in the form of slender column , or cylinder shaped that are contacted with the help of concrete or steel in order to provide support to the pile structure that is to be formed. This indicates that the pile formation are of different types based on the two categories which are focused on the actresses that are being used and the types of construction process which is to be carried out in order to conduct the process of pile formation (Luo et al. 2016).
Based on functions
Sheet piles
Load bearing piles
End bearing piles
Friction piles
Soil compaction piles
Based on the materials being used
Timber piles
Concrete piles
Steel piles
Composite piles
Techniques to install piling system and ground stabilization activities
The techniques that will be allowing the effective installation of the piling system is focused and the ground stabilization process is focused on the overall method of developing the piles and the ways in which the foundation is being developed. It has been noted that the installation process and the methods of pile foundation are highly important in order to maintain the effective designing of the process being used. It has been noted that the pile foundation installation is usually carried out by the methods of by pile hammer and boring process carried out by the boring by mechanicals auger. In order to ensure that the installation process is conducted successfully in development of the proposed area in Hong Kong, it is important to note that the sections of the methods are carried out effectively and carefully (Li and Wang, 2019). The use of the pile hammer process for the installation process there will be the consideration of the following affectivities like:
• Features of the pile
• Factors restricting the successful completion for the piling installation process
• The presence of the space and the headroom on the sites
• And bringing in restriction in noise development
P3 Methods and techniques for culvert construction, underpass construction and provision for utilities
There are different methods and techniques that can be used in order to carry out the process of pile installation and ground stabilization activities. The methods are based on the following aspects as stated below:
• Dropping the weight: A hammer with the approximate weight of the pile is dropped from a height in a guide and then released to the ground in order to ensure that the hammer is striking the head of the pile
• Vibration: there is the use of the vibrating hammers that are based on electrically powered and containing the contra-rotating eccentric masses within the housing attached to the pile head. The rate of amplitude of the vibration is based on the breaking down of the pile friction skin present on the side of the piles.
• Jetting: This process helps in marinating the penetration of the piles in the sand. The process is very ineffective in the firm to the stiff clays that contains coarse gravel, cobbles or boulders (Chew, 2017).
Culvert construction
The construction of the culvert is carried out with the help of the following steps that are to be carried out in the construction process. Some of the steps or methods to be followed are given as follows:
• The process of excavation is carried out for the construction of the half culvert
• The bed of the culvert is prepared by adhering to the different levels based on the original construction drawings that has been approved by the engineer
• There will be placing of the screed concrete along with the rubble wall, deck concrete parapet wall and finishing work is to be carried out
• Diversion of the traffic is to be conducted (Van Dyke et al. 2018)
Underpass construction
The underpass construction is the construction of the tunnel based road or pedestrian passageway that is running under the road or he railway. There are currently three major methods of underpass construction, which is to be carried out.
1. Precast concrete units
2. In situ concrete
3. Thrust - bored units (Chung et al. 2017)
Provision for utilities
The provisions for utilities are based on the different types of infrastructure services that are being given to consumers in the form of public services being given. It is important to note that the provision for utilities are based on the different forms of supply utilities that are given as home builders, developers, which are based on the guidance that has been given by the government.
Illustrations
Laying of Drains and underground utilities
The laying of the drain and the underground utilities are based on the following steps and stages that are essential to be taken in order to conduct the underground utilities. Some of the steps that are essential to be taken are given as follows:
1. Deciding the route in which a drainage system to be developed or laid down. This will help in maintaining the drainage in development in a straight line
2. Deciding the pipe that is to be used in order to carry out the process of development looping the drainage system. The pipe that is to be used in order to carry out the tasks of drainage development must be based on the understanding of the use of flexible rolls that can be fitted easily.
3. Digging the trench in which the drainage pipe is required to be set up. The digging of the trench helps in maintaining the route of the drainage system with the presence of holes moving down the length of the route of the drainage system.
4. Lining the trench
5. Installing the pipes in the drainage system
6. Refilling the trench
7. Replacing the sob present (Chen et al. 2019)
M1 Methods and techniques for large complex earthmoving operations
The methods that are essential to be carried out in order to maintain the productive and effective development of earthmoving operations are given as follows:
• Loading: Loading is the process that helps in transporting the earth materials form the piles that has been developed into the trucks. There is the usage of the wheel loaders and excavators that have been employed in the machinery for the lading process to be conducted.
• Hauling: hauling is the process that is based on the development and the involvement of the trucks that has the tendency to travel through the different roads which would be creating difficulty in terms of the changing slopes and the ground conditions
• The use of the deep excavation methods is highly important in order to bring in better rate of productivity in the development of the construction of earthmoving operations (Baek et al. 2015).
Methods and techniques for deep excavation
There are various methods and techniques, which are important to be carried out in order to conduct deep excavation methods.
• Full open cut method: this is a process that is based on the development of the division of the foundation into two major slopes that are cut open. It a spine noted that there is the presence of side excavation process that will help in providing support to be held on the foundation wall.
• Bracing excavation method: this is a process that is based on the horizontal struts, which are to be present in front of the retaining wall. It has been noted that the process is to be carried out to hold the excavation wall material pressure.
• Anchored excavation method: In this method, the anchors are being installed to the counters that act against the earthy pressure. It has been analyzed that the configuration and the components of the anchored excavation techniques has been effectively developed in the identified process (Fan et al. 2016).
D1 Methods and techniques to deal with issues of ground and slope stability
Various methods are present which are important to be carried out in order to ensure that there are effective developments of the ground and slope stability by reducing the issues that are presented in the entire process. Some of the methods are given as follows:
• There is the requirement of maintaining effective control on the seepage forces
• There is the requirement for reducing the driving forces which will further help in the increment of the resisting forces that are present on the ground slopes
• It has been noted that the drainage methods that are important to be carried out are based on the formation of deep wells, vertical drains, sub horizontal drains, drainage galleries, interceptor trench drains and maintenance of the relief trenches.
Example
Stabilization of the slopes is to be carried out by the following steps as mentioned considering the rate of development of stabilization:
• Changing the slope geometry
• Controlling the surface water
• Controlling the internal seepage
• Provision for retention in order to increase the resisting forces
LO2Present a site safety plan, risk assessment and method statement for a given civil engineering activity
P4 Hazards, risks and safety arrangements to conduct excavations, working in confined spaces, working on structures and working in temporary works on highways
Considering the process of construction that is carried out in an organisation, it has been analysed that there are different types of productivity that is to be maintained in order to gather mitigation strategy of the following hazards or risks.
• Falls from the work at height can be the major risks that might occur during the process of construction process.
• There can be breakdown of the fragile roofs and surfaces which are either under construction or needs to be renovated
• There can be the falling of the objects like the use of heavy equipment during the process of construction being carried out.
Hazards and Risks
It has been noted that most of the hazards that are to be mitigated while working in the construction process is based on the estimated amount of work that is to be carried out by the individuals. It has been noted that the construction process is focused on the development and the usage of the different set of activities and equipments that are heavy and are risk prone. These activities are risks prone due to the environment in which the working process is conducted. Equipments that are to be used in rode to conduct the constitution process are highly focused on the overall development to be conducted in the most effective way. This leads to the act that there can be the use of heavy equipment, which might have the tendency to fall, or breakdown in between the construction process as these equipments are huge (Yang et al. 2017).
Techniques and methods to carry out safe and productive activities in deep excavation
Some of the methods and techniques, which are important to be carried out in order to ensure that there are productive activities present in the process of deep excavation, are given below:
• There is the requirement of maintaining relevant data of the subsurface soil and the water table location to be used
• There is the requirement of maintaining excavation sides and the protective system that is based on the amount of excavation that is to be carried out along with the type of soil that is present needs to be identified.
• Locating the underground utilities that are based on the electric cable, optical fibre cables, pipelines and other cable detectors that can be used
• There is the requirement of assessing the potential of chemical hazard to be occurring in the oxygen level leading to difficulty in breathing.
P5 Safety plan, risk assessments and method statements for a given engineering activity
Safety plans
The proper planning along with the setting of the different engineering activity proposes with the idea effective safety approaches that engage with the proper growth of the action planning. in the engineering project, it is important to consider the roper controllable work engagement that can identify the long term management processing and deliver the effective control processing system presented by the hazard control processing. The civil working planning also manages to create the acceptable planning procedure that engages the long term work efficiency planning. Employees need to project the further planning and implementation structure that helps to formulate the risk management by taking several precautions (Manu, Emuze, Saurin & Hadikusumo, 2019).Find out the potential cause of harm and initiating the structured work process segments helps to generate better aspect that manages to system the various approaches based on systematic work follow up by creating better pathway for the future work assistance. The risk based likelihood and managing the consequences in this aspect also an important follow up that manages to system the future work aspect. However, the applicable system direction and considering the suitable planning can state the formative work engagement.
Risk assessments
The risk assessment planning in the civil engineering structure need to access by directing the proposed improvement statement and engage with the several approaches based on the long term work approaches. After assessing the risk, it is significant to consider the cost-effective solutions so that the engaged work implication and planned work engagement can able to achieve within a specific time period. Management of project life cycles and focusing on the control and monitoring aspect is also effective in this segment. Risk assessment related to the construction project also connects with the macro and meso level. Proper information processing and follows the different stages like initiating stage, concept stage, planning stage, organisation stage and finishing stage also need to construct. Provide applicable information to each of the stages and manage the suitable working pathway also need to access in this segment so that the future work approaches can able to generate in this process.
Concentrating on the internal and external risk can project the future approaches based on the system based application criteria that connects with political, economic, social and weather based statement. The risk management process connecting with the construction theme and the important work segment also need to access so that the risk determination aspect can able to generate in this process. The technological assessment and constructing the future work approaches can able to generate the future performance based engagement. In this segment, risk identification and clarification of the risk criteria connecting with different sources also need to state in an appropriate manner. The civil engineering related risk segment also connects with time risk, cost risk, construction risk, work quality and technological risk.
Method statements
The analysis of several risk methods and mitigate the same within time is an important consideration that helps to generate the effective long term engagement with the entire project. Managing the materials and equipment by checking the availability of productivity segment is an essential pathway that focuses on the resource management criteria. team needs to manage the further work planning with the suitable construction related information at the right time can mitigate various risks in this aspect. Considering the projects outcome, it is effective to consider the proper team member build up and assessing the sufficient knowledge among the team so that they can work efficiently (Lingard & Wakefield, 2019). Controlled by the effective planning and system based engagement, it is significant to consider the external environment based engagement as well.
Fig: Decision making model in risk assessment
(Source: Curtis et al. 2016)
Detailed information from the construction process can provide the supportive platform that can state the traditional risk management related schemes. The five important stage like identification, analysis, evaluation, response and monitoring approaches need to consider in this segment.
M2 Health & safety legislation and codes of practice related to civil engineering sites
Code of practice connecting with the civil engineering work process is an important aspect that considers the proper and effective work indication in this aspect. The occupational health and safety based program also incorporate several provisions that concerns work environment, fire protection, equipment, machinery, electrical machinery, noise and explosives and material handling also need to manage in this aspect. The civil engineering sites also need to have an effective safety and health related perspective so that the improved work assessment can able to engage in this segment (Seo, Han, Lee & Kim, 2015). The code of conduct has maintained properly in the civil engineering sites so that the equipment in the workplaces like lifting appliances, scaffolds, stairs, ladders, construction equipment, work in compressed atmosphere can able to maintain properly with the suitable work assessment segment. The effective supervision segment with the codes of practice management need to access in these criteria. Occupational health and safety procedure also need to structure so that the applicable work assessment can be carried out properly and focuses on the effective utility based association.
Current legislation in Hong Kong
Hong Kong construction and Engineering Law 2018proposed the particular planning and implementation approaches so that the effective work processing can drive the future work based perspective in an applicable manner. Some of the most common construction based laws are engaged with the overall aspect so that the proper supervision along with any dispute resolution aspect can able to manage. Hong Kong architecture has connected with the utility approaches that can support the future work perspective in creating the structured work proposition.
The consultancy agreement with the common law jurisdiction procedure also engaged in this segment so that the standard contract with the organized decision making engagement can able to access. The different law in this segment are- Construction Site Safety, Effective maintenance system and safety based planning for the employee retention segment.
D2 Hazards from civil engineering activities
There are different hazards present in the civil engineering activities, which are impatient to be, mitigate to ensure that the construction process is being carried out effectively.
• There is the risk of working at height as working at height is the most fatal risk that might occur during the construction process
• Moving objects are the most common form of risks that might occur, as the individuals who are working in such excitement are mostly using equipments that are heavy and can move from one location to another leading to breakdown or fall.
• Slips, trips and falls are the most important risks that has the highest potential to occur in the construction process as it involves the use of uneven terrain, buildings that are present at the different levels of completion along with the presence of the unused materials that are located on the sites. This might lead to falls, slips and trips by the workers.
LO3Evaluate a given civil engineering problem and propose a solution
P6. Evaluating the environmental, quality, geotechnical and economic contexts of a given civil Engineering process
In the field of civil engineering uses the main principle of the soil mechanics and rock mechanics so that the surface condition can be determined before any construction however there are different problems that are faced by the construction. This is contextual in environmental, quality, geotechnical and economic contexts. The place needs to be monitored about the earthwork as well as the foundation construction. With the rapid expansion of nanotechnology or the geotechnical has come up with the approaches that might be coming in the role of developing the engineering problems. The National Science Foundation has led to rise the better solutions that are affecting the engineering problems (Arkatkar et.al 2019). However one of the basic problems faced by the engineering team is that the notably climate change that are being induced by the use of energy to improve the environmental quality as well as the economic context an Environmental Liaison Group has been established to coordinate with the environmental work. Hence, the impacts that have been found are the knowledge gaps that are challenging the practices of geo-engineering most especially the ability of categorizing the subsurface. With this engineering problem, the committees are concerned about the resources that are likely to diminish leading to the unbalanced research for the site construction. The problems that are resulting in the failure of the system are
? The environmental factors are said to be affected by numerous factors such as the waste slurry or the waste rock powder or any other site wastage that are dumped in the nearby places. With the use of heavy metals and the uncontrolled landfills are also said to be affecting the environment.
? The cement concentration are hampering the top soil surface which the excess of immobilize toxic. It was also noticed that the Portland cement was hampering the soil by leaching the six valiant chromium which ultimately results in the contamination of the soil
? With the different types bottom liner establishment has also introduced the risk level in the construction site that are hampering the economy of the country.
? With the lack of effective and systematic designing and planning of the project the toxic chemicals are said to hamper the quality of the work culture (Diniset.al.2017). However, the losses of life cause during the site construction are major problems that are being faced by the engineering heads. The code of ethics that are missing in the civil engineering that should be presented in order to paramount the safety as well as the health welfare of the people.
Figure: Civil Engineering based on Education
(Source: Arkatkar et.al 2019)
P7. Solution to civil engineering problem
Civil engineering projects are mostly hampering the different aspects of the economy along with the human life. Through the above context, it can be concluded that the construction sites are dangerous for the environment. Hence, different feasibility has been accepted to overcome the project complication. Intertek are now providing different scope to improve the construction sit of the project. Some of the services that Intertek provide are as follows
? Green building certification for the site construction
? Material analysis for the certification of the construction project
These are providing the clients to minimize the cost, to provide safety standards to the employees working in the construction sites. However to improve the economical, geotechnical environmental as well as the quality the following steps can be undertaken such as
? In order to improve the environmental impact they recycling of construction material can be used so that the dumping the heavy metals in the local area can be stopped in the country (Beddow, 2018). However, Hong Kong is much populated country hence measures should be taken so that it could not hamper the society. Scientifically working can also help the civil engineers to maintain the environmental changed. BS7750 Environmental Management system can be undertaken to follow the code of conduct
? The alternative form of energy can be undertaken to decrease the impact of the energy use on the geotechnical form. The energy Board report on the use of nuclear energy has revealed the alternate use of the energy to reduce the environmental impact of the construction sites
? With the use of Ground Board design, it can help in understanding the contaminated land and that can be used for the construction purpose.
? Working with the heavy metals has seemed to be causing health issues to the workers. Hence proper guidance and proper way must be provided such as providing them proper uniform or providing them proper protection from the heavy metallic rays
With the increasing population growth and the changed diversity, the inadequate transportation and the sewer system are leading the economy to lead the infrastructure to grow. Hence, this must be done with a proper planning as well as their safety measures (Agarwal, 2016). However, with the introduction of the new sensors and approaches, monitoring has become easier and hence it is made easier for the engineering team to monitor the impacts that are caused by the construction sites. Guidance must be provided to the workers working in the construction sites for their safety. The construction sites has sometimes cost there life.
Figure: Civil Engineering Problem Solving Process
(Source: Agarwal, 2016)
M3 Explain how environmental, geotechnical, quality and economic problem are addressed in the proposal
The controlling of the construction site has become an important part of the engineering projects of Hong Kong. With the implementation of the environmental social as well as the economic management in the construction site has said to be a direct impact on the environmental aspects. It involves various practices that can be made so that there is no harm to the environment. However, Hong Kong has become one of the countries to accept the approaches of the different plans and the projects. The benefits that have been evident while using the different approaches is like increased labor force, minimizing the material waste, and decreasing in the rate of soil contamination. With the policies that are established by the Environmental Management Association of Hong Kong, it is seen that has helped the engineering team to minimize the environment. With the statistics that has been provided by the Hong Kong, environmental protection department has shown the difference in the result of the previous few years (). According to the Atlas first report it was seen that the waste generation in Hong Kong was about 6.4 million tones however it has reduced to 5.6 million tons during the year 2017 with 800 kg/cap/year. However, it is also seen that eight refuse transfer station has been developed so that the waste are no disposed in the local areas. It was also seen that 17 landfills were closed and however a particular landfill was set for the disposal of construction waste in Hong Kong. However, it is also seen that the Friends of the Earth Hong Kong campaigns also emphasis on the setting all the construction recycling waste of the construction project. Aurecon was constructed to deliver the designing as well as the geo-technological works for the Lam Tin Tunnel which was based on the environmental management program so as to reduce the environmental impacts that are caused due to the construction process. However, most of the construction sites such as the Hong Kong West Kowloon Station, the South Island line project are using the proper methods and remedies for the construction process.
LO4: Prepare a design proposal for a new infrastructure project
P8. Describe the methods and the techniques used in highway design
With the construction of the highway, it has become easier for the communication process. The most common methods that are used to construct the highways are
? Earth road method
The earth road constructions are done in the semi rural or rural areas for however it does not require much skill or planning. However, a right machinery is required that is the excavators and rollers (Rogers et.al. 2015). However, it cannot hold the heavy traffic therefore, it is mostly used in the agricultural regions. However to make this type of road long lasting stabilization of soil must be used however it is suggested to make when there is a professional implementation and the designing of the highway is done. The following steps can be taken for the preparation of the sub grade in the earth road method
? Clearing the site of construction
? Excavation and also the construction of the fills
? Shaping of the sub grade is also essential
However the clearing of the site can be done manually using the spade or by their pickup process by hand however the bulldozers are also used in the process of removal of the soil.
Figure: Earth Road Structure
(Source: Rogers et.al. 2015)
? Gravel road
Gravel road is said to be the advancement of the earth road. It is mostly common in the urban as well as the semi rural areas (Mukerji, 2015). The layer of gravel usually constructs it over the compacted layer of the soil. However, the advantage of this road is that it does have any dust or the slippery mater that could be resistance to the public. However it is suggested by the engineering team to construct the gravel road on the interior part of the country where there is less travelled by the people.
Figure: Gravel Road
(Source: Mukerji, 2015)
? Concrete road
For constructing a concrete road, a mixture of Portland cement and the asphalt is made to make the highway more concrete (Barrias et.al 2016). The main characteristic of this road is that these can bear heavy traffic and this is mainly constructed on the urban areas where there is busy traffic. Concrete roads are made thicker in the edges. However, before the concrete road construction CBR testing must be conducted which is also known as soil testing method to measure the pressure that the region can take.
Figure: Concrete Road Design
(Source: Barrias et.al 2016)
P9 Developing a civil engineering design proposal for new infrastructural project work
The civil engineering design proposal connecting with Hong Kong's infrastructural project considers the effective planning and the innovative implementation segment. Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge and the Guangzhou-Shenzhen for the Express Rail Link follows the effective work proposition segment that manages to state the applicable work assessment.
In this aspect, we will be discussing about Zhuhai-Macau Bridge construction that follows the applicable pathway based on the long-term approaches considering the suitable communication approaches and consider the effective pathway based on future work processing as well. The main functions of the project placed in the segment of cargo and passenger inflows among Hong Kong, Macau and Mainland China. The new transport link focuses on the sustainable development and enhances the economic prospect in these criteria.
The project is quite large scale, extensive and diversified and all the planning related components made the project quite complex. The marine traffic is quite heavy, the long spans of bridge and the marine environment also need to protect in this segment. The operating height is restricted in this process so that the applicable work process by following the environment which is quite rough to manage need to manage (Hu, Deng & Ren, 2016). The immersed tunnel is unobstructed and the artificial island also need to manage in this criteria so that the applicable work process indication that follows the 33 segments of 180 m long and 33 m wide tons of the overall management can able to access. Several constraints like the backfilling with rock that is not feasible, dredging of the large qualities that process with soft marine deposits also put adverse impact on the environment so that construction sequence for considering the future processes need to manage properly.
Fig: Design and operation planning
(Source: Hu, Deng & Ren, 2016)
The civil engineering design aspect incorporating with TBM launch shaft, traffic lanes, TBM diameter change shaft and the 3 traffic lines also need to manage as well. The design and operation approaches also connects with-
Design of launching shaft with the TBM Tunnel Lining Segment processes and the applicable work formation needs to consider properly in this aspect. The adoption of non-dredging method follows the reclamation of HKBCF prospect that disposed by 97% and marine construction traffic has proposed 50% of the further working prospect. Combining with the reclamations and effective construction follow-up has constructed the connection between Northern and subsea road transportation. Consideration of the environmental aspect in the civil engineering design criteria also maintained that followed the pre-defined and regular work approaches.
M4 Analyzing methods and techniques that are used to create bridge foundations, flexible highway construction foundation and related geotechnical
The methods and techniques that are being used in the bridge foundation as well as the highway construction in Hong Kong are as follows
Bridge construction techniques
Hong Kong Zhuhai Macao Bridge was constructed to meet up the cargo interflows demand in the country however, with the technologies and the professional advice the methods that were used in the construction like the tensioning, reinforces, ground walls as well as the soil freezing are being taken into consideration. However with the modernization of the techniques and the surveyed methods were being used in the process of bridge construction. With the surveying, process the soil selection and the other design parameters through the infrared technology. However for the production of the deck technology are used in the creation of the stronger decks. The bearings joints also pass through different process to make it prominent and achieve its desired structure. The geotechnical works that it relates is the onshore foundation as well as the artificial foundation.
Figure: Bridge construction techniques
(Source: Blaszczynski and Król, 2015)
Highway construction techniques
The first and foremost method of highway construction is carrying out a survey on the desired rout and look after the drainage facilities (Garrison, 2018). The expected traffic needs to be measured as well. At first the road are coated with the asphalt as it is said to provide a durable and flexible road circumstances. After that, the highways are done with cement concrete paving. This is done to set the concrete in its place. The last step that is followed in highway construction is the tar and macadam chip is usually done to recite the material.
Figure: Highway Construction
(Source: Garrison, 2018)
D3 Justify the selected specific features in the development of a civil engineering solution to a given problem.
Infrastructural project in Hong Kong
The selection of the specific feature that can be utilised in achieving the given problem are the designing and construction process which is said to be the best process as an integrated process. However it is essential to plan the process of conducting the way in building up the roads and bridges. With the proper cooperation of the employees and the other members of the process can be helpful in diminishing the problems that are faced by the engineering team. However the equipment requirements in the global construction. However the most important characteristics that must be provided are the
• Reduce the failure probability
• Reducing the consequences from the failure of the project
• Reducing the time of recovery
With the infrastructural project in Hong Kong the requirements that supports the civil infrastructure and sustainability are
• The material must be green
• In addition to the strength to the infrastructure the process of tensile and compressive ductility must be provided
• The materials must be made self repair
However, it is seen it is difficult to meet up the requirements in one initial stage however Hong Kong is trying to cope up with the problems that are mostly faced by the civil engineers.
The construction along with the reconstruction approaches process with the applicable result finding approaches that can create the roper integration for the Hong Kong's infrastructural assistance. The infrastructural project in Hong Kong proposes the applicable system assistance that helps to define the energy segment and managing the production with budget related aspect in this segment. concentrating on the life cycle process and the detailed work process consideration can able to form the better integration that helps to formulate the proper primary energy construction procedure in this aspect. The necessary condition in managing the important contribution connects with the transportation segment along with the sustainability based indicators. The illustration regarding the various work process functionalities with the quality profile focuses on the several work approaches in this aspect.
From the concrete material related standpoint also need to process with the ductility of the utilized design processing so that the probability approaches also can able to manage and engage with the compressive crushing of the further initiation. The controlled procedure with the self-repair approaches manages to create the efficient ability that can undergo with the self-healing approaches based on the infrastructure based resiliency (Kang, Liu, Cheng, & Liu, 2016). The materials for the structural integration also proposed the proper sustainability related support that connects with resiliency in this segment.
• The materials need to be green
• It needs to exhibit the damage and its tolerance
• The material further need to processes comprehensive and tensile ductility that can generate more strength to the overall aspects
• The material further initiates the durable segment so that it can crack within limit and projects the structural and support based durability segment
The materials need to manage efficiency and it is quite difficult to process. The integration of the material management also connects with the design based goal and engages with the concrete planning based initiation. Implicit volume based approaches and considering the infrastructure based procedure with suitable approaches also need to manage with proper cost-effective projection (Ge & Yuan, 2019). The pursuit of the objectives also follows the strength of civil infrastructure system with the sustainability applications with resiliency. The ability to consider the compressive loading and managing the typical strain capacity with identified curve in this segment also need to manage in this segment.
Conclusion
From the study, it is made clear that the civil engineering causes effect in the environmental social and economic of the country. With the study, readers will have a clear idea about the problems that are created by the heavy materials that are being dumped in the open ground and in the local place. It is essential for the engineers to make the material laboratory tested so that the durability of the products that is the constructed bridge and the roads does come up with the heavy traffic of the country (Blaszczynski. and Król, 2015). With the increasing use of the highways has also been increased hence it is important to make them safe for the people of the country. However differ designing of the roads has been shown with a clear view of the structures and the way of making it. The bridge construction techniques have also been discussed briefly to make the readers understand the process briefly. Proper researchers must be done before constructing a bridge so as it does not collapse the proper pressure that the particular soil can take must be done to improve the building process.