Course: BA in International Tourism Management
Dynamic Tourism Environment
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Complete a definition analysis of "Tourism."
According to Macintosh and Goeldner, Tourism can be defined as the sum of the relationships and the circumstances which occur due to the communication between the tourists, business providers and host communities and host governments and involve the process of attracting tourists and other visitors. According to UNWTO, Tourism includes those activities in which persons move to another place outside their usual living places for the purpose of business, entertainment or for personal work (Azam, Abdullah, and Razak, 2019). Mathieson and Wall have defined tourism as the movement of people to other places apart from their habitat for a short time for the purpose of satisfying their needs.
The historical event that has impacted tourist flows In Paris
Paris, which is also called the city of light, has been considered a major tourist attraction place for a long time. Every year several visitors from different places around the world come to Paris for tourism purposes. The major attraction of the city is the Eiffel tower, due to which Paris has become one of the favourite tourist places among people across the world. Apart from the Eiffel Tower, several tourists visit Paris to see its various monuments, architecture, museums, and cafes and to enjoy the panoramic view of the city. However, the numbers of visitors fluctuate due to several political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal factors (Sijabat, 2019). The tourism industry of Paris severely suffers from the political condition of the city. The political stability of the city has been suffered by the French revolutions, and as a result, the government of France has implemented strict rules and regulations across the country which duly influence the flow of visitors for tourism purposes. The tourism industry always depends on the economic stability of the country in which it operates its business. France is an economically developed country, and the tourism industry has a major contribution to the economy of the country. However, in the last few years, the economy of the country has been suffering from several incidents, such as recessions, pandemics and the Russia-Ukraine War, which has created a negative impact on the tourism industry of Paris (Chorna et al., 2019). The social culture and heritage, and social art forms of Paris also attract several tourists per year. Improved infrastructure, transportation facilities, and easier access to Visas are one of the major reasons for being attracted towards the tourist places of Paris. However, several tourists are concerned about the environmental challenges of the city, such as air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution and natural disasters.
The pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war can be taken as examples of historical events by which the tourist flow in Paris has been severely affected. Due to the pandemic, Paris, the major attraction of France, has experienced a severe downturn in tourism despite the doors being opened for travellers in Europe. In 2019, between the months of June and August, approximately 10 million tourists visited the city, while in the same month after one year during the time of the pandemic, only 3.6 million to 4.7 million travellers visited the city (Glausiusz, 2021). The tourism industry is directly or indirectly related to the hotel industry. However, due to the decreased occupancy rates, the revenue of the hotel industry also decreased by 60 per cent in Paris. Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne, the secretary of state for Tourism in Paris, declared in an interview that there was a 41 per cent decline in the tourism sectors of Paris during the time of the pandemic, which created a shortfall of 61 billion euros in the year 2020 (Adey et al., 2021).
The effect of the Russia-Ukraine war has been directly reflected in the tourist flow in Paris. One of the major reasons for the decreasing tourist flow in Paris during the time of the Russia-Ukraine war is the lack of confidence among travellers. Most of the travellers did not get enough confidence to safely and securely travel to European destinations because of the war. Due to the war, the air space within the country has been affected, due to which the tourist flow in Paris has significantly decreased. Flight bookings had fallen down by twenty-three per cent within Europe during the war. The closure of Russian airspace has prevented the Russian traveller from travelling to Paris. As a consequence of the Russia-Ukraine war, the price of food, fuel and energy has greatly increased, due to which the tourism industry of Paris has been significantly affected (Mohammed et al., 2022).
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Response of Tourism employees from Paris
The tourism industry of Paris has been affected negatively by the global crisis pandemic. During the past two decades, the tourism industry of the country Paris has been enlarging, and tourists from different countries have come here (Sultana, Islam and Islam, 2020). However, with the effect of the pandemic, all the transport systems, tourist places, and hospitality sectors get affected. The tourism stakeholders, including employees, managers, investors, shareholders, governments and various others, have been found to respond effectively towards the negative impact of the pandemic. As per the government restrictions, the people should stay within their houses, and due to this reason, the employees who have worked in the tourism companies in France are unable to attend the workshop. They have started to live in uncertainty, and the tourism sector has to face a huge loss. In fact, France has been counted as the third country in the matter of loss in tourism sectors after Spain and the United States (Sultana, Islam and Islam, 2020). Most of the employees have been discovered to covid positive, and by them the other employees have also started to be affected, and in this way, the employee structure gets weaker gradually. Moreover, employees from other cities are not able to travel as the transportation industry got restricted by the government (Nhamo, Dube and Chikodzi, 2020). Although during the pandemic situation, the managers started to provide training to the employees through digital platforms, but still due to lack of proper access to digital things, the employees, most of the time, panicked.
In the time of the pandemic, the profits of the tourism sector in Paris fell by 41 per cent in 2020 (Melas and Melasova, 2020). According to the data, around two million jobs are affected directly or indirectly due to the pandemic. As the government has taken the approach of saving the lives of the people at any cost there, they have been warned to stay at home, and the plans they have already had have been cancelled. The social restriction actions taken by the government have negatively impacted the tourism sector of Paris. The domestic tourism sector has also been closed as per government rules. International tourists can not visit the tourist places of Paris, especially the Eiffel tower, as the borders are also being closed due to the expansion of COVID-19 in the country of France (Melas and Melasova, 2020). The cruise ship facilities in France have also ceased, and long-distance or short-distance flights have also been cancelled. Due to this, the tourism department of France started to lose the profits from the tourism market. However, the stakeholders who have an effective role in the tourism sector started to cut off the employees and have been notified of layoffs in transportation, hospitality and especially in the travel companies in Paris (Rogerson and Rogerson, 2020). The stakeholders have played a key role in creating strategies, planning during the global crisis and helping the tourism industries in Paris to survive. They have maintained the restriction rules and only hire the essential employees in the essential department and deal with the pandemic with effective approaches.
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The global risk that is a threat to the success of tourism in Paris
The world is gradually being exposed to the severity of the potential consequences of its irrational actions and is therefore being subjected to severe global risks that accentuate the vulnerability of human civilisation to extinction comprising of social divides, heightened cyber risks with uneven global recovery, low growth and low cooperation era, and trade-off risks at an alarming rate (Pörtner et al., 2022).
The world has already started shaking under the risk of stagnation, divergence and distress that marks the beginning of 2023. The intensive geoeconomic weaponisation is posing a threat to globally integrated economies by means of constraining the economic rise of one country to another (Saire and Cruz, 2020). As per the Global Risk Report (2022), the major global risk assessed was the economic aspect pertaining specifically to the economy due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The risks include components ranging from deflation, financial mechanism or institute, critical infrastructure slowdown or failure, underemployment or high unemployment and unmanageable inflations (Saire and Cruz, 2020).
Tourism plays a crucial role and acts as one of the backbones of economies around the world. Unfortunately, it is also one of the most affected industrial sectors adversely affected by one of the major global risks termed a pandemic. Paris, as one of the popular tourist destinations, has been significantly affected by the outbreak of the pandemic. However, the tourism sector has depicted resilience in the face of many major events that, include natural disasters, epidemics and geopolitical conflicts (Collivignarelli et al., 2021). Even in the case of the COVID-19 pandemic, as per the report in 2022, restrictions in travel and precautious containment measures in order to control the further spread of the coronavirus led to a drastic reduction in total revenue from the tourism industry of Paris and France was considered one of the top tourist destinations across the globe which suffered the third highest tourism loss worldwide (Collivignarelli et al., 2021).
Despite the shutdown of various industrial operations, including the tourism industry, Paris has yet to recover from its downfall in the tourism aspect in post-pandemic scenarios. The survival of business throughout the tourism ecosystem is at prime risk if not realised beforehand. With the continuous support from government and local contribution, considering policies such as restoring travellers' confidence, the adaption of tourism business as per the existing terms and conditions, promoting domestic and international safe return tourism, providing clear information and guidelines aligned with the post-pandemic rules and regulations, strengthens cooperation within and other countries and building more resilient sustainable tourism can benefit the tourism industry of Paris (Grewe et al., 2021). These benefits not only facilitate survival and recovery from the backlash of the pandemic but also promote growth in the overall economy of the city. With the adoption of the right strategies and policies, the tourism sector of Paris can potentially play a major role in the global recovery from COVID-19 19 if an enabling environment is provided towards the establishment of sustainable enterprises promoting job creation, local infrastructural development, local business and many more. Along with the generation of employment opportunities and upliftment of the national economy, the tourism sector also possesses the potential to contribute majorly to the increase in per capita income, education status, commerce and trade, revenue for the government, foreign reserves and other financial investments in multiple other sectors (Bakar and Rosbi, 2020). Additionally, it acts as the medium of creating cultural awareness among interested foreign personals as Paris is one of the main hubs for authentic arts and crafts, which involves aesthetic paintings, historical monuments, fine music, fashions, food delicacies and so on (Škare, Soriano and Porada-Rochon, 2021).
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Using the ABTA Travel Trend Reports (2022), two current trends within tourism impacting the tourism industry of Paris
The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the socioeconomic pattern of the globe. The consequences of the change are visible in the transition of customer tastes and preferences, management structures and production modes of multiple industries (Bolton, 2022). Likewise, the subtle influence of the travelling trend of the people can be seen post-pandemic. While the world is still recovering from the effects of the pandemic, the internal meaning of travelling has shifted from superficial enjoyment to a holistic, tech-free and meaningful approach (Košcak and O'Rourke, 2021). In the context of ABTA Travel Trends Reports(2022), the two existing trends within tourism and their impact on the tourism industry concerning the tourism portfolio of Paris in the upcoming five years are as follows :
The collective desire for a one-time experience of a travel destination - the new trend of travel and tourism does not just include mere enjoyment but also rejuvenation of self-care and healing (Gutic, 2022). Travelling trends have transformed to emphasise mental and emotional well-being, especially after the chaotic environment of the pandemic. The result of nearly two years of immobilisation and restricted locomotion has given a prominent rise in a collective desire for a one-time experience of exotic travel destinations where the French capital, Paris, is considered one of the most attractive cities in the world (Lubbe and Douglas, 2019). The recent analysis of ABTA Travel Trends reports people seeking meaningful travels that facilitate healing and peace disrupted by the pandemic. Paris provides the same to its guests as the city hosts some of the most famous sights, monuments, arts and crafts in the world. This shift has caused a rise in the number of tourist visits in Paris and is expected to potentially increase in upcoming years. Moreover, a positive impact can be anticipated due to the current travel trend in various aspects of the economy, such as the generation of income and employment, indirect contribution in the maintenance and improvement of infrastructure (transportation and telecommunications) leading to the speedy recovery of the tourism industry of Paris (Gutic, 2022). The other possible economic benefits Paris can gain due to the betterment of tourism conditions include improved tax revenue and an increase in living standards, which strengthens the local economy accompanied by an increase in awareness of cultural and traditional assets, reducing poverty and inequality (Košcak and O'Rourke, 2021).
Reconnection travelling - with the increasing popularity of new travel trends based on reconnection with loved ones constitutes transformative travel where planning a trip is not backed by the sole purpose of leisure but also aims at reconnecting with peers or family who have been physically distant for a considerate period of time. Due to the COVID-19 emergency lockdown, almost every mode of transportation was shut down, including businesses and the hospitality industry (Koh, 2020). This immediate shutdown put a visible constraint not just on the people working away from their hometowns but also on people living in a nearby locality, which compelled people to accept the connections as a fundamental human need. The ultimate result of this was seen in the travel trend as per the report of ABTA Travel Trend Report (2022), which indicated a rise in the number of travels based on reconnection giving meaning to individual want of physical socialisation (Morrison, 2022). One of the key aims included togetherness considering participation in cultural exchange to acquire and understand new skills, followed by international work placement and volunteering trips. Paris, as one of the most beautiful cities in the world backed by its romantic settings, dreamy architecture, elegant boulevards, and high-quality oriented gastronomy dining experience, is reported to be preferred by most travellers seeking reconnections as the escape from post-pandemic trauma (Lubbe and Douglas, 2019). This slow but steady recovery in the tourism industry of Paris has boosted the economy of the city and is expected to boost the scale of industry revenues, the country's brand image, and local infrastructural development. In the next five years, the potential positive impact in sources of foreign exchange earnings and promoting the development of industries correlated with tourism faculty can be gauged through the increase of travellers in Paris's tourism industry due to reconnection transformative travel trends (Lubbe and Douglas, 2019).
FAQ: Dynamic Tourism Environment for BA in International Tourism Management
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