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Qualification - Higher National Certificate/Diploma in Construction and the Built Environment
Unit Name - Hydraulics
Assignment Title - Hydraulics for Civil Engineering
Unit Number - Unit 43
Learning Outcome 1: Apply concepts of physics to develop solutions for hydrostatic and hydrodynamic problems.
Answer: This learning outcome focuses on applying fundamental principles of physics, such as pressure, density, gravity, and energy conservation, to understand and solve problems involving fluids at rest and in motion. In hydrostatics, concepts like Pascal's Law and Archimedes' Principle are used to analyse pressure distribution and buoyancy effects in tanks, dams, and foundations. In hydrodynamics, principles such as Bernoulli's equation and continuity are applied to study fluid flow in pipes and channels. By using these concepts, practical engineering solutions can be developed for designing safe and efficient hydraulic systems in construction projects.
Learning Outcome 2: Calculate forces related to fluids at rest and in motion.
Answer: This learning outcome involves calculating the forces exerted by fluids on surfaces and structures under static and dynamic conditions. For fluids at rest, hydrostatic pressure equations are used to determine forces acting on walls, gates, tanks, and foundations. For moving fluids, forces are calculated using momentum and energy principles to analyse flow impact on bends, valves, and fittings. These calculations help engineers assess structural stability, prevent failure, and ensure that hydraulic systems can withstand operational loads.
Learning Outcome 3: Develop practical solutions for the distribution of fluids within correctly sized pipes.
Answer: This learning outcome emphasises designing efficient pipe systems for transporting water and other fluids in construction projects. It includes selecting appropriate pipe diameters, materials, and layouts based on flow rate, pressure requirements, and friction losses. Engineers use formulas such as the Darcy-Weisbach equation and Hazen-Williams equation to estimate head losses and optimise system performance. By correctly sizing pipes, problems such as pressure drops, leakage, and energy wastage are minimised, ensuring reliable and cost-effective fluid distribution.
Learning Outcome 4: Calculate the hydrostatic pressure exerted on substructures for a given context.
Answer: This learning outcome focuses on determining the pressure exerted by stationary fluids on underground and submerged structures such as basements, retaining walls, tunnels, and foundations. Hydrostatic pressure is calculated using fluid depth and density, considering groundwater levels and soil conditions. These calculations help engineers design structures that can resist uplift, seepage, and lateral water pressure. Accurate assessment of hydrostatic pressure ensures structural safety, durability, and protection against water-related damage in construction projects.
Assignment Brief
Scenario: The company you work for has recently taken on work involved with hydraulic structures as someone who has recently graduated from a programme which includes significant civil engineering hydraulics you are asked to join the management team with respect to these projects.
Part 1. a) Water flowing in a pipe, is taking water from a reservoir some 100m above a city what is the pressure in the pipe as its enters the city? If a open channel was to bring the water into the city from the same reservoir, what would the pressure be in the opne channel. Explain briefly why.
b) What are the two main forces of resistance to water flow in pipes?
c) How does water temperature affect these forces?
d) Explain the difference between laminar and turbulent flow.
e) What is Reynolds Number and how is it related to turbulent flow?
f) What is the boundary layer and how is it affected by the roughness of the surface over which water is flowing?
g) How is the resistance to water flow reduced either in a pipe or in an open channel?
h) The water supply to a rapidly expanding town was laid out many years ago when the town was small and appeared to have a stable population. Outline how additional supplies can be piped in without disrupting the current supplies
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Part 2
a) Water is needed to supply a canal system, which may require up to 30m3s-1 the channel is 2 metres wide calculate the depth of flow at maximum given that the Manning n value of this stretch of the channel is 0.02.
b) A proposal has been suggested that the excess water above a flow rate of 25m3s-1 could be diverted through a pipe to a reservoir some 2km distant . An automatic system would be installed which opened a valve into this pipeline as soon as the flow exceeded this level. The pipe would need to be able to take water at the rate of 10m3s-1. Using the Darcey Weisbach equation for laminar flow calculate the head loss through a pipe with a friction factor of 0.006 and a pipe diameter of 1.5m.
c) The reservoir (in part b) is 50m below the surface of the river. Comment on whether it will be possible to achieve the 10m3s-1 flow and what steps could be taken.
d) Comment on the differences between pipe flow and open channel flow and estimate the dimensions of an open channel 2m deep that would be needed to conduct 10m3s-1 to reservoir.
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Part 3
a) Estimate the head loss in a pipe line of 10km length and 1.4 m in diameter carrying water at the rate of 30m3s-1 to supply a town. The Darcey Weisbach friction factor is 0.004 and the minor losses are 10 times the velocity head.
b) The difference in height between the start and end of the pipe line is 20m. What additional pressure would need to be supplied by a pump to achieve the required delivery?
c) As an alternative design the feasibility of using a bigger diameter of pipe needs to be considered. Find the smalledst diameter of pipe that would achieve this.
d) Discuss the real life factors that would go into deciding whether to use a pump based system or one based on gravity alone.
Part 4
a) Ground water is found at a depth of 1.5m and a below ground car park is being built in this area. The depth of the car park is 9m to allow for two levels of parking. Calculate the force on the boundary walls and the upwelling force on the floor. The dsimensions of the car park are 20m x 60m. Assume that this is fresh water with a density of 1000kgm-3
b) What materials and structures would be needed for the outer walls of the car park bearing in mind that they also act as the main structural support for the building.
c) What structure and materials would be suitable for the flooring?
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